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5 June 2001 CATALOG OF RECENT TYPE SPECIMENS IN THE DIVISION OF INVERTEBRATE ZOOLOGY, AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY. V. MOLLUSCA, PART 2 (CLASS GASTROPODA [EXCLUSIVE OF OPISTHOBRANCHIA AND PULMONATA], WITH SUPPLEMENTS TO GASTROPODA [OPISTHOBRANCHIA], AND BIVALVIA)
CHRISTOPHER B. BOYKO, JAMES R. CORDEIRO
Author Affiliations +
Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 2001(262):1-170 (2001). https://doi.org/10.1206/0003-0090(2001)262<0001:CORTSI>2.0.CO;2
Abstract

A complete, annotated listing of all primary and secondary type specimens of gastropod mollusks (exclusive of opisthobranchs and pulmonates) in the collection of the Division of Invertebrate Zoology at the American Museum of Natural History (AMNH) (as of December 31, 1999) is presented. Supplementary listings for bivalves and opisthobranch gastropods (previously covered in Part 1) are also given. This catalog includes 1309 type lots, 18 lectotype designations, and illustrations for 12 previously inadequately illustrated type specimens and five species never before illustrated. New synonymy information is given for nine species, one species is shown to be a valid name, one new replacement name is introduced, and one neotype is suppressed with rediscovery of type material. An appendix of AMNH specimens previously incorrectly cited as types is also given. An index of genera and species is included for each class and subclass.

INTRODUCTION

The Division of Invertebrate Zoology (formerly the Department of Invertebrates, in part) at the American Museum of Natural History (AMNH) currently houses a collection of over 300,000 cataloged lots (3.5 million specimens) of Recent mollusks. Per ICZN Recommendation 72F (ICZN, 1999: 79), all of the types are housed separately from the main body of the collection. This allows for a greater level of security than can be maintained in a large, general collection area.

This catalog is the fifth in a series of comprehensive listings of all the type material in the Division's collection and is the second listing of Mollusca. It is also an update and expansion of Richards and Old's (1969, in part) unpublished but widely distributed list, which contained many inaccuracies and omissions. Included in this catalog are all AMNH holotype, lectotype, neotype, paratype, paralectotype, and syntype specimens of Gastropoda (exclusive of Opisthobranchia and Pulmonata). A total of 938 species with valid types in AMNH are treated herein, with listings for 143 holotype, 56 lectotype, 2 neotype, 949 paratype, 84 paralectotype, and 75 syntype AMNH lots. Appendices containing taxa described subsequent to publication of Part 1 (Boyko and Sage, 1996) are included for Opisthobranchia (1 species) and Bivalvia (2 species). An additional appendix lists specimens previously considered types, but which are either invalid types (4 species) or exemplars of infrasubspecific taxa (9 species).

The value of a published catalog is apparent when the number of type specimens that have been transferred to this institution from other sources is considered. Very often no published record of these transfers is ever made, especially for species coming from private collections such as those listed below. In the case of several lots, types were published as having been given to the American Museum, but subsequent investigation indicated that the specimens were never deposited. Other members of type series with representatives in the AMNH have been subject to transfer between institutions over time; for these, the most recent known repositories are listed as well as the most recent catalog numbers used to identify type lots in other institutions.

The majority of the type specimens included in this catalog come from a few key sources. The two most important pre-1900 collections are those of John C. Jay (38 lots) and William A. Haines (22 lots). The Jay Collection, purchased for $10,000 in 1874 by Catherine L. Wolfe, was donated to the AMNH; it contains type specimens of species described by Jay and others, such as C. B. Adams, from whom Jay traded or purchased specimens. There has been some difficulty in identifying Jay's type specimens, because he renumbered all the species listed in his publications as well as his type specimens between 1839 and 1850; this can be seen in the entries for Jay's taxa herein. The Haines Collection, in part, was donated by Haines; the remainder was purchased from his son in 1895. Haines described very few species himself but had many type specimens from others, such as, again, C. B. Adams. For more information on these and other large collections that have been incorporated into the AMNH Recent mollusk collection, see Richards and Old (1969).

More recent sources of type material included in this catalog are the AMNH Belgian Congo Expedition of 1909–1915, with many new species collected by Herbert Lang and James Chapin and described by Pilsbry (1919) and Pilsbry and Bequaert (1927) (52 lots); the Crawford and Jean Cate Collection (86 lots, mostly ovulids, triviids, and cowries); the Helen DuShane Collection (80 lots, mostly epitoniids); significant donations by A. J. da Motta (43 lots, primarily cone shells), James McLean (48 lots), and Emilio Rolán (175 lots, cones and micromollusks); and the Gordon Nowell-Usticke Collection (129 lots), which has been discussed in detail by M. J. Faber (1988, 1995). Numerous type specimens (93 lots) have also been placed in the AMNH collection through the research of William K. Emerson, Curator of Mollusks from 1955 to 1995, and now Curator Emeritus.

The AMNH collection of Recent noninsect invertebrates is organized by phylum and “superphylum” (Protozoa). Each taxonomic grouping is given a separate series of catalog numbers. As a result of this system of numbering, a muricid may have the same catalog number as a decapod crustacean, but the specimens cannot be confused because of the taxonomic distinction between phyla.

Each potential type lot was compared with the original description and figures to verify type status, confirm locality and collection data, and remove any specimens from the type collection that are not types. The publication of this catalog fulfills ICZN Recommendation 72F.4, which states that all museums holding type specimens have the responsibility of making a published catalog of these types available to the scientific community (ICZN, 1999: 79).

This catalog is arranged in alphabetical order by genus and species within the subclass. An index is provided that gives a genus and species-level list within each subclass. This catalog largely follows the format of Boyko and Sage (1996) in including detailed information on current synonymy and generic placement of all species listed. A systematic list of current familial placement for all taxa (by original genus) is also included as appendix 4 and follows Vaught (1989) with few modifications.

One critical area addressed in this catalog is the ambiguous type designations and other type concept problems introduced by Gordon Nowell-Usticke in his papers. Usticke used the terms variety (“var.”), form, and subspecies essentially interchangeably and, as pointed out by Faber (1988: 68), because of this it cannot be said that Usticke expressly proposed names for most of his taxa as “varieties” or “forms.” A very few of Usticke's taxa were clearly described infrasubspecifically, and these are listed in the gastropod appendix herein. In his first paper, Usticke (1959) unambiguously designated the “pictured” specimen for each new species or subspecies as holotype. However, Usticke's subsequent works (1968, 1969) did not include any holotype designations and, therefore, all specimens from those papers are syntypes. Usticke (1971) published measurements of all of his holotypes, which, in most cases, correspond to the figured specimens. The figure caption numbers used by Usticke in his 1968, 1969, and 1971 (but not 1959) publications correspond to his catalog numbers. Because of the difficulties in recognizing virtually all of Usticke's species and correctly applying type designations to individual specimens, we have chosen to designate lectotypes for most of the Usticke taxa that have not been so treated to date (17 species). We use “Usticke” rather than “Nowell-Usticke” to refer to this author because the former appellation is what he used to refer to himself in his own papers.

Various problems encountered during this research led to other taxonomic decisions regarding type designations. In the case of Somatogyrus crassilabris Walker, 1915, we designate a USNM specimen as lectotype in order to resolve the synonymy and homonymy of this taxon with S. crassilabris Hinckley, 1915. The rediscovery of type material for Cypraea semiplota Mighels, 1845, allows us to suppress the “neoholotype” designated for that species by Johnson (1949). The species-level name Chondropoma (Chondropomium) clenchi Pilsbry, 1933, is found to be a junior homonym of C. (Chondropomedes) ernesti clenchi Aguayo, 1932, and a replacement name is introduced. We reexamine the status of Conus ustickei Miller in Usticke, 1959, and conclude that it is the valid name for the taxon known previously as C. bifasciatus Sowerby III, 1857–1858. We also present new synonymy information for nine species: Anachis guildingii teres Usticke, 1969; A. mcgintyi Usticke, 1959; A. subcostulata subcincta Usticke, 1969; Bursa corrugata lineata Usticke, 1959; B. cubaniana intermedia Usticke, 1959; Pyrene (Columbella) nodulosa Usticke, 1959; Terebra hertleini Bratcher and Burch, 1970; T. jacquelinae Bratcher and Burch, 1970; and the infrasubspecific Turbo petholatus var. humerosus Smith, 1907. Eighteen specimens are figured, including 12 previously inadequately illustrated by line drawings (e.g., Dolium melanostomum Jay, 1839) and five that appear never to have been illustrated (e.g., Helicina chionea Pilsbry, 1949).

Several species are included for which type (or possible type) specimens should exist at the AMNH, but which cannot be traced in the collection or the records. Most of the specimens were either stated, or implied, to be in collections later transferred to the AMNH, primarily those of Jay and Haines. Some species in this category (e.g., Scaphella macginnorum García and Emerson, 1987) were expressly cited as having been sent to AMNH but were never deposited. Because there is no record of these specimens having arrived here, and they have not been located at other major institutions, it is suspected that they are lost.

Each type listing contains four or five categories of data. Within each genus, specific names are followed by authorship data (author, year description was published, and page and figure numbers). The next category indicates the specific kind of type(s) in the collection, as well as AMNH catalog number(s), the number of specimens in each lot, and whether a lot is alcohol preserved. The locality category contains all pertinent collection data, including county names for U.S. locations when that information can be determined. The collector category indicates the name(s) of the collector(s) of the specimen(s) and the date(s) of collection, if those data are known. The remarks category contains information as to provenance of specimens, location of other types in the series (all of the members of each type series are listed insofar as they could be located), current synonymy and/or generic placement, and additional comments.

Institutional Abbreviations

  1. AHF Allan Hancock Foundation, University of Southern California [collections transferred to LACM] (Los Angeles, California, USA)

  2. AIM Auckland Institute and Museum (= AMNZ)

  3. AM Australian Museum (= AMS)

  4. AMNH American Museum of Natural History (New York, New York, USA)

  5. AMNZ Auckland Institute and Museum (Auckland, New Zealand)

  6. AMS Australian Museum (Sydney, Australia)

  7. ANSP Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia (Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA)

  8. BBM Bernice P. Bishop Museum of Natural History (see BPBM)

  9. BMNH British Museum (Natural History) (now NHM)

  10. BPBM Bernice P. Bishop Museum of Natural History (Honolulu, Hawaii, USA)

  11. CAS California Academy of Sciences (San Francisco, California, USA)

  12. CASIZ California Academy of Sciences Invertebrate Zoology Collection (at CAS)

  13. CDRS Charles Darwin Research Station (Puerto Ayora, Ecuador)

  14. CMNZ Canterbury Museum (Christchurch, New Zealand)

  15. CUMZ Cambridge University Museum of Zoology (= UMZC)

  16. CZL Centro de Zoologia do Instituto de Investigação Científica Tropical de Lisboa (Lisbon, Portugal)

  17. DBUA Departamento de Biología, Universidad Autónoma (Madrid, Spain)

  18. DM Dominion Museum (now NMNZ)

  19. DMNH Delaware Museum of Natural History (Wilmington, Delaware, USA)

  20. DSIR-GG New Zealand Department of Scientific and Industrial Research (= IGNS)

  21. EPMU Estación de Puerto Morelos, Universidade Nacional Autónome de Mexico (at UNAM)

  22. FLMNH Florida Museum of Natural History (Gainesville, Florida, USA)

  23. FMNH The Field Museum of Natural History (Chicago, Illinois, USA)

  24. FSBC Florida Department of Natural Resources Marine Research Laboratory (St. Petersburg, Florida, USA)

  25. FSCB Florida Department of Natural Resources Marine Research Laboratory (= FSBC)

  26. FSM Florida State Museum (now FLMNH)

  27. HBOM Harbor Branch Oceanographic Museum (Ft. Pierce, Florida, USA)

  28. HMNS Houston Museum of Natural Science (Houston, Texas, USA)

  29. HSU Humboldt State University (Arcata, California, USA)

  30. HUJ Hebrew University of Jerusalem (Jerusalem, Israel)

  31. IBUFRJ Coleção Malacològica do Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal de Rio de Janeiro (Rio de Janeiro, Brazil)

  32. IES Instituto de Ecología y Sistemática de La Habana (Havana, Cuba)

  33. IGNS Institute of Geological and Nuclear Sciences (Lower Hutt, New Zealand)

  34. IICT Instituto de Investigação Científica Tropical de Lisboa (= CZL)

  35. IIMC Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras (Santa Marta, Columbia)

  36. IIT Instituto de Investigacão Tropical (Centro de Zoologia) (Lisbon, Portugal)

  37. IMT Institute of Malacology of Tokyo (Tokyo, Japan)

  38. INHS Illinois Natural History Survey (Champaign, Illinois, USA)

  39. IRSNB Institute Royal de Sciences Naturelles (Brussels, Belgium)

  40. KBIN Koninklijk Belgisch Instituut voor Natuurwetenschappen (= IRSNB)

  41. LABOMAR Laboratorió de Ciências do Mar da Universidade Federal do Ceará Fortaleza (Ceará, Brazil)

  42. LACM Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County (Los Angeles, California, USA)

  43. MCNM Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales (= MNCN)

  44. MCSNM Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Milano (= MSNM)

  45. MCZ Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University (Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA)

  46. MIST Museo Insular of Santa Cruz de Tenerife (Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain)

  47. MHNG Muséum d'Histoire Naturelle (Geneva, Switzerland)

  48. MHNM Museo Nacional de História Natural de Montevideo (Montevideo, Uruguay)

  49. MM Manchester Museum (Manchester, England)

  50. MMBS Mukaishima Marine Biological Station of Hiroshima University (Hiroshima, Japan)

  51. MML University of Miami Marine Laboratory (= UMML)

  52. MN Museu Nacional, Universidade Federal do Rio Janeiro (= MNRJ)

  53. MNCN Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales (Madrid, Spain)

  54. MNHN Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle (Paris, France)

  55. MNHNM Museo Nacional de História Natural de Montevideo (= MHNM)

  56. MNHNP Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle (= MNHN)

  57. MNHP Museum of Natural History, Piacenza (Piacenza, Italy)

  58. MNRJ Museu Nacional, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (Rio de Janeiro, Brazil)

  59. MNUFRJ Museu Nacional, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (= MNRJ)

  60. MONA Musée Océanographique de Monaco (Monaco-Ville, Monaco)

  61. MONZ Museum of New Zealand (Wellington, New Zealand)

  62. MORG Museu Oceanográfico Fundaçao Universidade do Rio Grande (Rio Grande, Brazil)

  63. MP Museo “Felipe Poey” de la Universidad de la Habana (= MPUH)

  64. MPMP National Museum of the Philippines (Manila, Philippines)

  65. MPUH Museo “Felipe Poey” de la Universidad de la Habana (Havana, Cuba)

  66. MSNM Museo Civico di Storia Naturale (Milan, Italy)

  67. MSNS Forschungsinstitut und Naturmuseum Senckenberg (= SMF)

  68. MZSP Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de São Paulo (= MZUSP)

  69. MZUSP Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de São Paulo (São Paulo, Brazil)

  70. NHM The Natural History Museum (London, England)

  71. NHM(ONHM) Natural History Museum [Oman] (= ONHM)

  72. NHMO Natural History Museum, Oman (= ONHM)

  73. NHMUI Natural History Museum, University of Illinois (= UIMNH)

  74. NHMV Natural History Museum, Vienna (Vienna, Austria)

  75. NM Natal Museum, South Africa (= NMSA)

  76. NMB Naturhistorisches Museum Basel (Basel, Switzerland)

  77. NMC Naturkunde-Museum (= NMCL)

  78. NMCL Naturkunde-Museum (Coburg, Germany)

  79. NMM National Museum of the Philippines (= MPMP)

  80. NMNZ National Museum of New Zealand (now MONZ)

  81. NMP National Museum of the Philippines (= MPMP)

  82. NMSA Natal Museum, South Africa (Pietermaritzburg, South Africa)

  83. NMV National Museum of Victoria (Victoria, Australia)

  84. NMW National Museum of Wales (Cardiff, Wales)

  85. NNM Nationaal Natuurhistorische Museum (= RMNH)

  86. NSMT National Science Museum (Tokyo, Japan)

  87. NZGS New Zealand Geological Survey (now IGNS)

  88. NZNM New Zealand National Museum (now MONZ)

  89. NZOIT New Zealand Oceanographic Institute (now National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Sciences, Wellington, New Zealand)

  90. NZSI National Zoological Survey of India (= ZSI)

  91. ONHM Oman Natural History Museum (Oman)

  92. RM Redpath Museum, McGill University (Montréal, Québec, Canada)

  93. RMNH Nationaal Natuurhistorische Museum (“Naturalis”) [formerly Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie] (Leiden, Netherlands)

  94. RMS Royal Museums of Scotland (now RSM)

  95. RSM National Museum of Scotland (Edinburgh, Scotland)

  96. SAM South Australian Museum (Adelaide, Australia)

  97. SAM(SAMC) South African Museum (= SAMC)

  98. SAMC South African Museum (Cape Town, South Africa)

  99. SBMNH Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History (Santa Barbara, California, USA)

  100. SBNHM Santa Barbara Natural History Museum (= SBMNH)

  101. SDMNH San Diego Museum of Natural History (= SDNHM)

  102. SDNHM San Diego Natural History Museum (San Diego, California, USA)

  103. SDSNH San Diego Society of Natural History [collections transferred to SDNHM] (San Diego, California, USA)

  104. SMDV Spencer Museum, University of British Columbia (Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada)

  105. SMF Forschungsinstut und Naturmuseum Senckenberg (Frankfurt-am-Main, Germany)

  106. SMFD Forschungsinstut und Naturmuseum Senckenberg (= SMF)

  107. SMNH Naturhistoriska Riksmuseet (Swedish Museum of Natural History) (Stockholm, Sweden)

  108. SMNS Staatliches Museum für Naturkunde (Stuttgart, Germany)

  109. SU Stanford University [collections transferred to CASIZ] (Stanford, California, USA)

  110. TAUI Tel Aviv University (Tel Aviv, Israel)

  111. TM Tulane University Museum of Natural History (= TU)

  112. TU Tulane University Museum of Natural History (Belle Chasse, Louisiana, USA)

  113. UAN Universidade Agostinho Neto (Faculdade de Ciências, Dep. Biologia) (Luanda, Angola)

  114. UCMP University of California Museum of Paleontology (Berkeley, California, U.S.A)

  115. UCR Universidad de Costa Rica Museo de Zoologia (San Jose, Costa Rica)

  116. UF University of Florida Museum (now FLMNH)

  117. UIMNH University of Illinois Museum of Natural History [collections transferred to INHS] (Champaign, Illinois, USA)

  118. UMML University of Miami Marine Laboratory, Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science (Miami, Florida, USA)

  119. UMNH University of Utah Museum of Natural History (Salt Lake City, Utah, USA)

  120. UMZC University Museum of Zoology, Cambridge (Cambridge, England)

  121. UNAM Instituto de Ciencias del Mar y Limnología, Estación de Puerto Morelos, Universidade Nacional Autónoma de Mexico (Mexico City, D.F., Mexico)

  122. USNM National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution (Washington, D.C., USA)

  123. UUMNH University of Utah Museum of Natural History (= UMNH)

  124. WAM Western Australian Museum (Perth, Australia)

  125. WAMP Western Australian Museum (= WAM)

  126. YPM Yale Peabody Museum (New Haven, Connecticut, USA)

  127. ZIL Russian Academy of Sciences (= ZIN)

  128. ZIN Russian Academy of Sciences (St. Petersburg, Russia)

  129. ZMA Zoölogisch Museum Amsterdam (Amsterdam, Netherlands)

  130. ZMB Zoologisches Museum (Berlin, Germany)

  131. ZMC Zoological Museum of the University of Copenhagen (= ZMUC)

  132. ZMUC Zoological Museum of the University of Copenhagen (Copenhagen, Denmark)

  133. ZSI Zoological Survey of India, National Zoological Collection (Calcutta, India)

  134. ZSM Zoologischen Staatssammlung München (Munich, Germany)

Aclophora sagei Rolán and Fernández-Garcés, 1995: 15, figs. 33–35

  1. Paratype: AMNH 226500 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: 20–56 m, Cienfuegos Bay, Cuba, Atlantic Ocean.

  3. Collector: Unknown.

  4. Remarks: ex Rolán Collection. The holotype is MNCN 15.05/17223, and additional paratypes are in IES, ZMA, and the collections of R. Fernández-Garcés and E. Rolán (Rolán and Fernández-Garcés, 1995: 15).

Aesopus aliciae Marincovich, 1973: 35, figs. 74, 85

  1. Paratypes: AMNH 172413 (5 specimens).

  2. Locality: 20°13′S, 70°10′W, Iquique, Chile, Pacific Ocean.

  3. Collector: L. Marincovich, Aug. 1964.

  4. Remarks: ex LACM 64–16. The holotype is LACM 1593, and additional paratypes are LACM 1594 and in ANSP, CASIZ, SDNHM, and USNM (Marincovich, 1973: 35).

Agathotoma finalis Rolán and Fernandes, 1992: 142–143, figs. 5–7

  1. Paratype: AMNH 264677 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: 7 m, Esprainha, São Tomé Island, São Tomé and Principe, Atlantic Ocean.

  3. Collector: Unknown.

  4. Remarks: ex Rolán Collection. The holotype is MNCN 15.05/2680, and additional paratypes are in BMNH, IRSNB, MNHN, NMSA, ZMUC, and the collections of F. Fernandes and E. Rolán (Rolán and Fernandes, 1992: 142).

Agathotoma (Vitricythara) klasmidia Shasky, 1971: 71, fig. 8

  1. Paratypes: AMNH 164917 (2 specimens), 169123 (2 specimens), 222024 (45 specimens).

  2. Locality: 16–20 m, 23°11′45″N, 106°27′W, approx. 1 mi offshore, Olas Altas Bay, Mazatlan, Sinaloa, Mexico, Pacific Ocean.

  3. Collector: D. Shasky, Dec. 23, 1962.

  4. Remarks: ex DuShane Collection (AMNH 169123, 222024). The holotype is LACM 1576, and additional paratypes are LACM 1577 and in AIM, ANSP, CASIZ, SDMNH, SU, USNM, and the collection of D. Shasky (Shasky, 1971: 71). This taxon is placed in the genus Pyrgocythara Woodring, 1928 (Abbott, 1974: 284).

Agathotoma (Vitricythara) secalis Shasky, 1971: 71–72, fig. 9

  1. Paratypes: AMNH 164916 (1 specimen), 169122 (1 specimen), 222023 (4 specimens).

  2. Locality: 16–22 m, 23°11′45″N, 106°27′W, approx. 1 mi offshore, Olas Altas Bay, Mazatlan, Sinaloa, Mexico, Pacific Ocean.

  3. Collector: D. Shasky, Dec. 23, 1962.

  4. Remarks: ex DuShane Collection (AMNH 169122, 222023). The holotype is LACM 1578, and additional paratypes are in SDMNH, SU, and the collection of D. Shasky (Shasky, 1971: 72). This taxon is a synonym of Pyrgocythara klasmidia (Shasky, 1971) (Abbott, 1974: 284).

Agathotoma temporaria Rolán and Otero-Schmitt, 1999: 20, figs. 63–67

  1. Paratype: AMNH 226546 (1 specimen), AMNH 297641 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: 100 m, off Luanda, Angola, Atlantic Ocean.

  3. Collector: F. Fernandez and E. Rolán, February 1993 (AMNH 226546).

  4. Remarks: The holotype is MNCN 15.05/6954, and additional paratypes are in IRSNB, MNHN, and the collections of E. Rolán and P. Ryall (Rolán and Otero-Schmitt, 1999: 20).

Agatrix deroyae Petit, 1970: 85, pl. 1, figs. 3a–b

  1. Holotype: AMNH 154676.

  2. Paratype: AMNH 222561 (1 specimen).

  3. Locality: 150 m, south of Academy Bay, Isla Santa Cruz (AMNH 154676), 75–100 m, near Isabel Island (AMNH 222561), Galápagos Islands, Ecuador, Pacific Ocean.

  4. Collector: J. DeRoy, Jan. 27 (AMNH 222561), May 26 (AMNH 154676), 1968.

  5. Remarks: ex Petit Collection (AMNH 222561). Additional paratypes are USNM 679537 and in the collection of D. Petit (Petit, 1970: 85). This taxon is placed in the genus Admetula Cossmann, 1889 (Finet, 1994: 71).

Agladrillia badia McLean and Poorman, 1971: 94, fig. 11

  1. Paratype: AMNH 164611 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: 170–200 m, 00°47′S, 90°21′W, off southern coast of Isla Santa Cruz, Galápagos Islands, Ecuador, Pacific Ocean.

  3. Collector: A. and J. DeRoy, July 26–29 or Dec. 5, 1969.

  4. Remarks: The holotype is LACM 1481, and additional paratypes are ANSP 323531, LACM 1482, USNM 706953, and in CASIZ, SBMNH, SDNHM, and SU (McLean and Poorman, 1971: 94; Finet, 1994: 79).

Agladrillia flucticulus McLean and Poorman, 1971: 94, fig. 12

  1. Paratype: AMNH 164915 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: 35 fathoms, 14°24′N, 92°34′W, Gulf of Tehuantepec, off Porto Madero, Chiapas, Mexico, Pacific Ocean.

  3. Collector: D. Shasky, July 11, 1963.

  4. Remarks: The holotype is LACM 1483, and additional paratypes are LACM 1484 and in ANSP, CASIZ, SDNHM, SU, and USNM (McLean and Poorman, 1971: 95).

Alcadia delmonteana Pilsbry, 1932: 132, pl. 7, figs. 9, 9a, 10, 10a

  1. Paratypes: AMNH 95466 (2 specimens), 95475 (2 specimens).

  2. Locality: St. 81, 1775–3200 ft, coffee plantation (AMNH 95475), St. 88, 1500 ft, grassy hill 1–2 mi southeast of Del Monte's (AMNH 95466), Dominican Republic.

  3. Collector: D. Pease, Aug. 2 (AMNH 95475), Aug. 5 (AMNH 95466), 1932.

  4. Remarks: ex Pease Collection. The holotype is ANSP 160984 (Pilsbry, 1932: 132), and additional paratypes are ANSP 160985 (formerly ANSP 160984) (Robertson et al., 1986: 61).

Alcithoe aillaudorum Bouchet and Poppe, 1988: 16–18, figs. 1–5, 17

  1. Paratype: AMNH 241568 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: Cruise BIOCAL Sta. DW46, 570–610 m, 22°53′S, 167°17′E, off New Caledonia, Pacific Ocean.

  3. Collector: P. Bouchet, B. Métivier, and B. Richer de Forges on N. O. “Jean-Charcot,” Aug. 30, 1985.

  4. Remarks: The holotype is in MNHN, and additional paratypes are in AMS, BMNH, MNHN, NMNZ, and NMSA (Bouchet and Poppe, 1988: 16).

Alvania (Simulamerelina) bermudensis Faber and Moolenbeek, 1987: 69–70, figs. 1–4

  1. Paratypes: AMNH 241565 (3 specimens).

  2. Locality: Gibbons Bay, Bermuda, Atlantic Ocean.

  3. Collector: A. T. Guest, April 1985.

  4. Remarks: ex ZMA. The holotype is ZMA 387010, and additional paratypes are ZMA 387011 and in AM, LACM, MNHN, NZNM, and USNM (Faber and Moolenbeek, 1987: 69).

Alvania (Flemellia) guesti Faber and Moolenbeek, 1987: 70, figs. 5–8

  1. Paratypes: AMNH 241566 (2 specimens).

  2. Locality: Gibbons Bay, Bermuda, Atlantic Ocean.

  3. Collector: A. T. Guest, April 1985.

  4. Remarks: ex ZMA. The holotype is ZMA 387012, and additional paratypes are ZMA 387013 and in AM, LACM, MNHN, NZNM, and USNM (Faber and Moolenbeek, 1987: 70).

Amaea (Scalina) deroyae DuShane, 1970a: 330, pl. 51, fig. 2

  1. Paratypes: AMNH 152604 (2 specimens), 152605 (2 specimens).

  2. Locality: 75–100 m, near Tagus Cove, Isabella Island, Galápagos Islands, Ecuador, Pacific Ocean.

  3. Collector: J. DeRoy, Jan. 27 (AMNH 152604) and 30 (AMNH 152605), 1968.

  4. Remarks: The holotype is LACM 1236, and additional paratypes are LACM 1239–1243 and in the collection of J. DeRoy (DuShane, 1970a: 330).

Amaea (Scalina) tehuanarum DuShane and McLean, 1968: 4, figs. 4–5

  1. Paratypes: AMNH 221950 (10 specimens), 275620 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: 59–68 m, 15°58′N, 95°00′W, Gulf of Tehuantepec, Mexico, Pacific Ocean.

  3. Collector: D. Shasky and X. Mendoza, July 1963.

  4. Remarks: ex DuShane Collection. The holotype is LACM 1161, and additional paratypes are LACM 1162 and in CASIZ, SAM (1 specimen ex AMNH 221950), SBMNH, SU, USNM, and the collection of D. Shasky (DuShane and McLean, 1968: 4). DuShane and McLean (1968: 4) cited only 13 specimens in the type lot, but at least 18 specimens were distributed as paratypes by DuShane. Either the number of specimens collected was incorrectly cited by DuShane and McLean (1968) or some of the specimens distributed to museums are not paratypes.

Amalda (Gracilispira) albanyensis Ninomiya, 1987b: 141–142, pl. 1, figs. 9–11, text fig. 4

  1. Paratypes: AMNH 217426 (2 specimens).

  2. Locality: 3 m, Albany, Western Australia, Australia, Pacific Ocean.

  3. Collector: Unknown.

  4. Remarks: The holotype is NSMT-Mo 64212a, and additional paratypes are NSMT-Mo 64212b and in the collection of T. Ninomiya (Ninomiya, 1987b: 142). The former subgenus Gracilispira Olsson, 1956, has been raised to the genus level (Wilson, 1994: 131).

Amalda jenneri Kilburn, 1977: 18–19, figs. 6, 8

  1. Paratypes: AMNH 238172 (15 specimens).

  2. Locality: Agulhas Bank, in Cape St. Blaize area, Mossel Bay, South Africa, Indian Ocean.

  3. Collector: R. le Maître, July 1975.

  4. Remarks: ex Jenner Collection (paratypes #28–36). The holotype is NM A5175/T2066, and additional paratypes are NM A5176/T2067 and in BMNH, MNHN, SAM (SAMC), USNM, and the collection of R. le Maître (Kilburn, 1977: 19). AMNH 238172 contains 6 additional specimens not cited from the Jenner Collection nor the original specimen label. It is unclear which numbered paratypes these extra specimens represent.

Amalda lemaitrei Kilburn, 1977: 16–17, figs. 5, 7

  1. Paratypes: AMNH 238155 (4 specimens).

  2. Locality: 155 m, 35°16′S, 22°26.7′E, off Cape St. Blaize, Mossel Bay, South Africa, Indian Ocean.

  3. Collector: R. le Maître, June 1975.

  4. Remarks: ex Jenner Collection (paratypes #38–41). The holotype is NM A5177/T2068, and additional paratypes are NM A5178/T2069, NM A5179/T2072, and in the collection of R. le Maître (Kilburn, 1977: 18).

Amalda (Baryspira) utopica Ninomiya, 1987b: 138–139, pl. 1, figs. 1–4, text fig. 2

  1. Paratype: AMNH 222019 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: 150 m, Osumi Straits, off Cape of Sata, Kyushu Japan, Pacific Ocean.

  3. Collector: Unknown.

  4. Remarks: The holotype is NSMT-Mo 64211, and additional paratypes are in the Ninomiya Collection (Ninomiya, 1987b: 139).

Amalda (Alcospira) zeigleri Ninomiya, 1987b: 139–140, pl. 1, figs. 5–8

  1. Paratype: AMNH 206078 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: 125 fathoms, 17°17′N, 87°59′W, southeast end of Turneffe Island, Gulf of Honduras, Atlantic Ocean.

  3. Collector: Unknown.

  4. Remarks: The holotype is NSMT-Mo 64210, and additional paratypes are in the Ninomiya Collection (Ninomiya, 1987b: 140–141).

Ammonicera albospeciosa Rolán, 1992b: 44, figs. 17, 19, 21

  1. Paratype: AMNH 226446 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: 4 m, Baracoa, Cuba, Atlantic Ocean.

  3. Collector: Unknown.

  4. Remarks: ex Rolán Collection. The holotype is MNCN 15.05/6796, and additional paratypes are BMNH 1992099, ZMA 3.92.047, and in IES and the collection of E. Rolán (Rolán, 1992b: 44). Rolán (1992b: 44) listed the AMNH specimen as collected from Cayo Martias, south of Cuba, at 20 m depth; however, his personal label deposited with the specimen in AMNH indicates that this specimen is from the locality cited above.

Ammonicera burnayi Rolán, 1991c: 112–114, figs. 13–14

  1. Paratype: AMNH 225310 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: Santa Antao Island, Cape Verde Islands, Portugal, Atlantic Ocean.

  3. Collector: Unknown.

  4. Remarks: ex Rolán Collection. The holotype is in IICT, and additional paratypes are MNCN 15.05/2891 and in the collection of E. Rolán (Rolán, 1991c: 112).

Ammonicera circumcincta Rolán, 1992b: 45, figs. 23, 26, 28

  1. Paratype: AMNH 226447 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: 4 m, Baracoa, Cuba, Atlantic Ocean.

  3. Collector: Unknown.

  4. Remarks: ex Rolán Collection. The holotype is MNCN 15.05/6798, and additional paratypes are in IES, MNHN, and the collection of E. Rolán (Rolán, 1992b: 45).

Ammonicera familiaris Rolán, 1992b: 42–44, figs. 16, 18, 20

  1. Paratypes: AMNH 226448 (2 specimens).

  2. Locality: 4 m, Baracoa, Cuba, Atlantic Ocean.

  3. Collector: Unknown.

  4. Remarks: ex Rolán Collection. The holotype is MNCN 15.05/6795, and additional paratypes are BMNH 1992100, ZMA 3.92.046, and in IES, MNHN, and the collection of E. Rolán (Rolán, 1992b: 42).

Ammonicera lineofuscata Rolán, 1992b: 44–45, figs. 22, 24, 25, 27

  1. Paratype: AMNH 226449 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: 4 m, Baracoa, Cuba, Atlantic Ocean.

  3. Collector: Unknown.

  4. Remarks: ex Rolán Collection. The holotype is MNCN 15.05/6797, and additional paratypes are BMNH 1992101, ZMA 3.92.048, and in IES, MNHN, and the collection of E. Rolán (Rolán, 1992b: 44).

Ammonicera minortalis Rolán, 1992b: 40–42, figs. 10–13, 15

  1. Paratypes: AMNH 226450 (3 specimens).

  2. Locality: 4 m, Baracoa, Cuba, Atlantic Ocean.

  3. Collector: Unknown.

  4. Remarks: ex Rolán Collection. The holotype is MNCN 15.05/6794, and additional paratypes are BMNH 1992102, ZMA 3.92.045, and in IES, MNHN, and the collection of E. Rolán (Rolán, 1992b: 40).

Ammonicera oteroi Rolán, 1991c: 110–112, figs. 10–12

  1. Paratypes: AMNH 225230 (2 specimens).

  2. Locality: 4 m, Mordeira, Sal Island, Cape Verde Islands, Portugal, Atlantic Ocean.

  3. Collector: E. Rolán, 1981.

  4. Remarks: ex Rolán Collection. The holotype is MNCN 15.05/2890, and additional paratypes are in BMNH, IICT, MNHN, and the collections of J. Otero-Schmitt and E. Rolán (Rolán, 1991c: 110).

Ammonicera sculpturata Rolán, 1992b: 40, figs. 9, 12, 14

  1. Paratypes: AMNH 226451 (4 specimens).

  2. Locality: 4 m, Baracoa, Cuba, Atlantic Ocean.

  3. Collector: Unknown.

  4. Remarks: ex Rolán Collection. The holotype is MNCN 15.05/6793, and additional paratypes are BMNH 1992103, ZMA 3.92.043, and in IES, MNHN, and the collection of E. Rolán (Rolán, 1992b: 40).

Amnicola brandi Drake, 1953: 27, figs. 1–6

  1. Paratypes: AMNH 72856 (9 specimens), 128728 (3 specimens), 143534 (3 specimens).

  2. Locality: Warm springs, Las Palomas, Distrito Galeana, Chihuahua, Mexico.

  3. Collector: R. J. Drake and C. C. Hoff, April 15, 1949.

  4. Remarks: ex collections of H. Feinberg (AMNH 128728) and M. Jacobson (AMNH 143534). The holotype is USNM 601494, and additional paratypes are USNM 601495 and as cited by Drake (1953: 27–28). Over 200 paratypes were collected and distributed to 23 institutions (Drake, 1953: 27–28). The catalog number of one AMNH lot was cited incorrectly by Drake (1953: 28) as “72857.”

Amnicola ciliata Gould, 1850: 193–198

  1. Lectotype: AMNH 71067 (1 specimen).

  2. Paralectotypes: AMNH 71067A (52 specimens).

  3. Locality: On muddy margins of Deea [Gbea or Mano] River, Liberia.

  4. Collector: G. Perkins.

  5. Remarks: ex Jay Collection #6580. The lectotype was designated and figured by Johnson (1964: 54, pl. 45, fig. 4). Seven additional “paratypes” (= paralectotypes) are MCZ 225214 (ex Jay 6580) (Johnson, 1964: 54).

Amnicola cincta Gould, 1846: 100

  1. Lectotype: AMNH 65006.

  2. Paralectotype: AMNH 65006a (1 specimen).

  3. Locality: River Tenasserim, Burma.

  4. Collector: F. Mason.

  5. Remarks: ex Jay Collection #6582. The lectotype was designated and figured by Johnson (1964: 55, pl. 35, fig. 1). An additional “paratype” (= paralectotype) is MCZ 225210 (ex Jay 6582) (Johnson, 1964: 55).

Amoria dampieria Weaver, 1960: 3, figs. 6–7

  1. Paralectotype: AMNH 110169 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: 32 fathoms, Legendre Island, Dampier Archipelago, Western Australia, Australia, Pacific Ocean.

  3. Collector: Hawaiian–Western Australian Expedition on R/V “Davina,” June 1960.

  4. Remarks: ex Weaver Collection (“paratype #7”). The type series consists of “over a dozen living specimens” collected by the Hawaiian–Western Australian Expedition in May and June 1960 (Weaver, 1963: 28), although only a single specimen was explicitly cited by Weaver (1960: 3). Weaver (1963: 31) stated that BPBM 205554 was the holotype. Because Weaver (1960: 3) did not designate a holotype, Weaver's (1963) action constituted a lectotype designation. Additional paralectotypes are AM C.64020, C.64028, BPBM 205557–205559, WAM 16–61, 5855, and in the collection of C. Weaver (Weaver, 1963: 30).

Amphicyclotulus (Amphicyclotulus) dominicensis Bartsch, 1942: 57–58, pl. 10, figs. 9–11.

  1. Paratypes: AMNH 124327 (9 specimens), 124328 (2 specimens).

  2. Locality: Dominican Republic.

  3. Collector: R. W. Miner, June 23, 1911.

  4. Remarks: The holotype is USNM 535857 (Bartsch, 1942: 58).

Amphicyclotulus (Amphicyclotulus) mineri Bartsch, 1942: 55, pl. 10, figs. 15–17

  1. Paratypes: AMNH 124324 (4 specimens), 124325 (5 specimens), 124326 (37 specimens).

  2. Locality: Laudat, Dominican Republic.

  3. Collector: R. W. Miner, June 12 (AMNH 124324), 18 (AMNH 124326), and 21 (AMNH 124325), 1911.

  4. Remarks: The holotype is USNM 535856 (Bartsch, 1942: 55).

Amphithalamus albus Rolán, 1991b: 134–136, figs. 7, 12, 14b, 15b

  1. Paratypes: AMNH 264679 (2 specimens).

  2. Locality: Baracoa, Cuba, Atlantic Ocean.

  3. Collector: Unknown.

  4. Remarks: ex Rolán Collection. The holotype is in MNCN, and additional paratypes are in BMNH, IES, MNHN, ZMA, and the collections of R. Fernández-Garcés and E. Rolán (Rolán, 1991b: 136).

Amphithalamus niger Rolán, 1991b: 136–140, figs. 8–9, 13, 15c

  1. Paratype: AMNH 264680 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: Baracoa, Cuba, Atlantic Ocean.

  3. Collector: Unknown.

  4. Remarks: ex Rolán Collection. The holotype is in MNCN, and additional paratypes are in BMNH, IES, MNHN, ZMA, and the collections of R. Fernández-Garcés and E. Rolán (Rolán, 1991b: 139).

Amphithalamus rauli Rolán, 1991b: 133–134, figs. 3–6, 11, 14c–e, 15a

  1. Paratypes: AMNH 264678 (5 specimens).

  2. Locality: 23°03′N, 82°34′W, Playa de Baracoa, near La Habana, Cuba, Atlantic Ocean.

  3. Collector: Unknown.

  4. Remarks: ex Rolán Collection. The holotype is in MNCN, and additional paratypes are in BMNH, IES, MNCN, MNHN, ZMA, and the collections of R. Fernández-Garcés and E. Rolán (Rolán, 1991b: 133).

Ampullaria angulata Jay, 1836: explanation of pl. 3 [p. 85], fig. 7

  1. Syntype: AMNH 56108.

  2. Locality: “Mexico” (Jay, 1836).

  3. Collector: Unknown.

  4. Remarks: ex Jay Collection #2030a (Jay, 1839) and #6740 (Jay, 1850). AMNH 56108 is labeled as “fig d. pl. 3, fig. 7” in Jay's handwriting (fig. 1 herein). The whereabouts of other syntype specimens (if any) are unknown. This taxon is a synonym of A. scalaris d'Orbigny, 1835 (Jay, 1839: 116).

Ampullaria brownii Jay, 1839: 112, pl. 1, fig. 4

  1. Syntype: AMNH 56107.

  2. Locality: “River Amazon” [Brazil] (Jay, 1839).

  3. Collector: Capt. Brown.

  4. Remarks: ex Jay Collection #6686 (Jay, 1850). AMNH 56107 is labeled as “fig d. type” in Jay's handwriting (fig. 2 herein). The whereabouts of other syntype specimens (if any) are unknown. Although Pain (1960: 430) stated that “I have been able to examine the type of A. brownii Jay,” this statement is not specific as to the specimen examined and thus does not constitute an inadvertent lectotype designation. This species is a synonym of Pomacea (Limnopomus) crassa (Swainson, 1823) (Pain, 1960: 429).

Ampullaria ochracea Jay, 1836: explanation of pl. 3 [p. 85], fig. 8

  1. Syntypes: AMNH 56106 (1 specimen), 56106A (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: “Spanish Maine” (Jay, 1836: 85).

  3. Collector: Unknown.

  4. Remarks: ex Jay Collection #2131a (Jay, 1839) and #6731 (Jay, 1850). AMNH 56106 is labeled as “fig d. type” in Jay's handwriting (fig. 3 herein). The whereabouts of other 6 syntypes (fide Jay, 1839: 116) are unknown. This species is a synonym of A. (P.) ampullacea (Linnaeus, 1758) (Sowerby, 1910: 56).

Ampullaria storeria Jay, 1839: 112, pl. 1, fig. 5

  1. ?Syntype: AMNH 56110 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: “River Amazon” [Brazil] (Jay, 1839: 112).

  3. Collector: Capt. Brown.

  4. Remarks: ex Jay Collection #6736 (Jay, 1850). AMNH 56107 is labeled as “fig d. type” in Jay's handwriting, but Jay (1850) cited #6737 for his specimen(s) of A. storeria. Because of this discrepancy, the AMNH specimen is considered a probable syntype. The whereabouts of other syntype specimens (if any) are unknown.

Anachis berryi Shasky, 1970: 190, fig. 5

  1. Paratypes: AMNH 179304 (2 specimens).

  2. Locality: 3–4 m, 23°26′N, 109°25′W, El Pulmo Reef, Baja California Sur, Mexico, Pacific Ocean.

  3. Collector: D. Shasky, April 23–25, 1965.

  4. Remarks: ex Shasky Collection. The holotype is LACM 1413, and additional paratypes are LACM 1414 and in ANSP, CASIZ, SDNHM, SU, USNM, and the collection of D. Shasky (Shasky, 1970: 190).

Anachis (?Costoanachis) fayae Keen, 1971: 579, fig. 1178

  1. Paratypes: AMNH 164911 (2 specimens), 222025 (2 specimens), 275867 (6 specimens).

  2. Locality: Playa Caracol, Nuevo Guaymas, Sonora, Mexico, Pacific Ocean.

  3. Collector: F. B. Howard, Feb. 1967.

  4. Remarks: ex Howard Collection (AMNH 164911), DuShane Collection (AMNH 222025), and SBMNH (AMNH 275867). The holotype is SBMNH 12658, and additional paratypes are SU 10044 (Keen, 1971: 953) and MCZ 279521.

Anachis guildingii “form” teres Usticke, 1969: 16, pl. 3, fig. 754

  1. Holotype: AMNH 195432.

  2. Locality: Christiansted Harbor, St. Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands, Atlantic Ocean.

  3. Collector: Unknown.

  4. Remarks: ex Usticke Collection #754. Although Usticke (1969: 16) cited this taxon as a “form,” he listed it subspecifically in the index and called it “Anachis teres” in the figure caption. We consider this taxon to have been subspecifically described. AMNH 195432 is the holotype by monotypy. This taxon is a synonym of Costoanachis hotessieriana (d'Orbigny, 1842) (de Maintenon, personal commun.; new synonymy).

Anachis helenae Costa, 1983: 95–96, figs. 1–3

  1. Paratype: AMNH 213573 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: 56 m, Amapa Territory, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, Atlantic Ocean.

  3. Collector: E. Rios, May 1, 1968.

  4. Remarks: ex MORG 14.810. The holotype is Coleçao de Moluscos da Universidade Santa Ursula 215, and additional paratypes are Coleçao de Moluscos da Universidade Santa Ursula 237, 238, MORG 14.810a–l, and in the collection of F. Costa (Costa, 1983: 96, 98).

Anachis mcgintyi Usticke, 1959: 67, pl. 3, fig. 15

  1. Holotype: AMNH 198493.

  2. Paratypes: AMNH 198493a (1 specimen), 294359 (2 specimens).

  3. Locality: Altona Bay, St. Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands, Atlantic Ocean.

  4. Collector: G. W. N. Usticke.

  5. Remarks: ex Usticke Collection #752 and #753 (AMNH 198493, 198493a) and Schwartz Collection (AMNH 294359). Usticke (1959: pl. 3, fig. 15) figured both specimens, which contradicted his own statement (1959: vi) that the “holotypes…are pictured.” However, Usticke (1959: 67) explicitly stated, “I designate the darker shell to be the holotype, the lighter a paratype.” Faber (1988: 84) is therefore incorrect in his statement that the type designations are subsequent and invalid. This taxon is a synonym of Costoanachis hotessieriana (d'Orbigny, 1842) (de Maintenon, personal commun.; new synonymy).

Anachis multicostata Usticke, 1969: 16, pl. 3, fig. 755

  1. Lectotype: AMNH 195431.

  2. Locality: Ham Bay, St. Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands, Atlantic Ocean.

  3. Collector: Unknown.

  4. Remarks: ex Usticke Collection #755. Although Usticke (1969: 16) gave only a single measurement for this taxon, he indicated that it had been collected in two localities. Later (1971: 13), he indicated that the “holotype” was 6.0 mm long and that the size range for the taxon was “6.0–7.0 mm.” Both of these facts suggest that Usticke inadvertently omitted the lower limit of the size range for the species in his 1969 paper and that he had more than one specimen at the time of description. Usticke (1971: 13) stated that this specimen (now AMNH 195431) was the holotype. Because Usticke (1969: 16) did not designate a holotype, Usticke's (1971) action constituted a lectotype designation. The repository of the paralectotypes is unknown; their existence is indicated by Usticke's (1971: 13) given size range for the taxon of 6–7 mm length. This taxon is a synonym of Zafrona pulchella (Blainville, 1829) (Faber, 1988: 85; de Maintenon, personal commun.).

Anachis raysutana Smythe, 1985: 29–30, pl. 4, figs. b–c, text figs. 3, 6, 9

  1. Paratypes: AMNH 220729 (1 specimen), 220730 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: 20°41′N, 58°54′E, North Point (AMNH 220729), 20°27′N, 58°48′E, Umm Rusays (AMNH 220730), Masirah Island, Oman, Indian Ocean.

  3. Collector: K. Smythe and M. Gallagher, Feb. 1982 (AMNH 220729), K. R. Smythe, Jan. 1984 (AMNH 220730).

  4. Remarks: The holotype is BMNH 1984079, and additional paratypes are BMNH 1984080, NMW 1984.047.1–2, ONHM 1984/69/B, and in MNHN, USNM, ZMA, and the collections of D. Bosch and K. Smythe (Smythe, 1985: 30).

Anachis subcostulata “var.” subcincta Usticke, 1969: 16, pl. 3, fig. 744

  1. Lectotype: lost.

  2. Paralectotypes: AMNH 193399 (10 specimens), 193400 (1 specimen), 193401 (2 specimens), 193423 (27 specimens).

  3. Locality: Antigua, Antigua and Barbuda (AMNH 193399), Saint Martins (AMNH 193400), Grenada (AMNH 193401), Krause's Reef, St. Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands (AMNH 193423), Atlantic Ocean.

  4. Collector: Unknown.

  5. Remarks: ex Usticke Collection. Although Usticke (1969: 16) cited this taxon as a “var.,” he listed it as a “n[ew] s[ub] sp[ecies]” (1969: 16), treated it subspecifically in the index, and called it “Anachis subcincta” in the figure caption. We consider this taxon to have been subspecifically described. The specimen figured by Usticke (1969: pl. 3, fig. 744) cannot be located in AMNH and is most likely lost. In the interest of stability, we designate Usticke's figured specimen as lectotype, in order to fix the identity of this poorly defined taxon. The repository of additional paralectotypes (if any) is unknown. This taxon is a synonym of Zafrona pulchella (Blainville, 1829) (de Maintenon, personal commun.; new synonymy).

Ancilla boschi Kilburn, 1980: 168–169, fig. 1

  1. Paratype: AMNH 238001 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: Masirah Island, Oman, Indian Ocean.

  3. Collector: D. Bosch, July 16, 1977.

  4. Remarks: ex NM G9275/T2415. The holotype is NM H9707/T2413, and additional paratypes are in BMNH and NM (Kilburn, 1980: 169). This taxon is placed in the subgenus Sparella Gray, 1857 (Bosch et al., 1995: 145).

Angaria poppei Monsecour and Monsecour, 1999: 63–65, 67–69, pls. 1–2

  1. Paratype: AMNH 294294 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: Northern side of Caubian Plateau, north of Bohol, Philippines, Pacific Ocean.

  3. Collector: Unknown, 1996.

  4. Remarks: The holotype is in KBIN, and additional paratypes are in BMNH, MNHN, NMW, and the collections of A. Delsaerdt, K. Fraussen, D. Monsecour, G. Poppe, and J. Senders (Monsecour and Monsecour, 1999: 63–64).

Annulobalcis aurisflamma Simone and Martins, 1995: 224–233, figs. 1–25

  1. Paratype: AMNH 292171 (1 specimen, alcohol).

  2. Locality: 23°29′S, 45°05′W, Enseada Beach, Ubatuba City, São Paulo, Brazil, Atlantic Ocean.

  3. Collector: L. R. L. Simone, C. M. Martins, Nov. 8–10, 1991.

  4. Remarks: ex MZUSP 27938. The holotype is MZUSP 27905, and additional paratypes are MNRJ 6374, 6375, MORG 29681, 29682, MZUSP 27906–27910, 27938, 27939, 26974, SMNH 4511, and USNM 860590 (Simone and Martins, 1995: 224).

Anticlimax decorata Rolán, Fernández-Garcés, and Rubio, 1997: 31–34, figs. 1–2

  1. Paratype: AMNH 295744 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: Rancho de Luna, Cienfuegos, Cuba, Atlantic Ocean.

  3. Collector: Unknown.

  4. Remarks: ex Rolán Collection. The holotype is MNCN 15.05/27420, and additional paratypes are in BMNH and the collections of R. Fernández-Garcés, E. Rolán, and F. Rubio (Rolán et al., 1997: 32).

Arene adusta McLean, 1970b: 123, figs. 24–25

  1. Paratype: AMNH 160259 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: 24°25′N, 110°25′W, cove adjoining the west sides of Isla Partida and Espiritu Santo Islands, Baja California Sur, Mexico, Pacific Ocean.

  3. Collector: J. H. McLean and P. M. Orringer on R/V “Sea Quest,” April 10, 1966.

  4. Remarks: The holotype is LACM 1391, and additional paratypes are LACM 1392, MCZ 277819, and in ANSP, CASIZ, SBMNH, SDNHM, SU, and USNM (McLean, 1970b: 123).

Arene echinata McLean, 1970a: 311, pl. 46, figs. 3–4

  1. Holotype: AMNH 154626.

  2. Paratype: AMNH 154627 (1 specimen).

  3. Locality: 00°16′S, 91°27′W, Espinosa Point, Fernandina Island, Galápagos Islands, Ecuador, Pacific Ocean.

  4. Collector: J. DeRoy, Jan. 30, 1968.

  5. Remarks: ex DeRoy Collection. The additional 2 paratypes are LACM 1277 (McLean, 1970a: 311).

Arene guttata McLean, 1970a: 310, pl. 46, figs. 1–2

  1. Paratypes: AMNH 154685 (3 specimens).

  2. Locality: 00°45′S, 90°20′W, Academy Bay, Santa Cruz Island, Galápagos Islands, Ecuador, Pacific Ocean.

  3. Collector: J. DeRoy, May 30, 1969.

  4. Remarks: ex LACM. The holotype is LACM 1275, and additional paratypes are CASIZ 13273, LACM 1276, SDNHM 51302, SU 9986, USNM 679554 (McLean, 1970a: 310), and MCZ 271947. An additional 53 paratypes are in the collection of J. McLean (McLean, 1970a: 310).

Arielia mitriformis Shasky, 1961: 20, pl. 4, figs. 7–9

  1. Paratypes: AMNH 221882 (2 specimens).

  2. Locality: 45–90 fathoms, 24°32′N, 110°26′W, west side of Espiritu Santo Island, Baja California Sur, Mexico, Pacific Ocean.

  3. Collector: Ariel Expedition, Aug. 30, 1960.

  4. Remarks: ex DuShane Collection. The holotype is SU 8621, and additional paratypes are in CASIZ and the collections of G. Campbell, D. Shasky, and G. Sphon (Shasky, 1961: 20–21). This taxon is placed in the genus Mitrolumna Bucquoy, Dautzenberg, and Dollfus, 1852 (Abbott, 1974: 269).

Aspella (Favartia) angermeyerae Emerson and D'Attilio, 1965b: pl. 1, figs. 1–5

  1. Holotype: AMNH 113526.

  2. Paratype: AMNH 111856 (1 specimen).

  3. Locality: Academy Bay, Santa Cruz Island (AMNH 113526), 10 fathoms off Rabida Island (AMNH 111856), Galápagos Islands, Ecuador, Pacific Ocean.

  4. Collector: C. Angermeyer, Sept. 1964.

  5. Remarks: This taxon is placed in the genus Maxwellia Baily, 1950 (Keen, 1971: 529).

Aspella (?Dermomurex) myrakeenae Emerson and D'Attilio, 1970b: 89–90, figs. “1–11” [figs. 1–2, 4–6]

  1. Holotype: AMNH 153298.

  2. Paratypes: AMNH 155887 (8 specimens), 155904 (1 specimen), 222054 (1 specimen).

  3. Locality: 20°44′N, 105°29′W, Banderas Bay, Nayarit, Mexico, Pacific Ocean.

  4. Collector: J. and H. DuShane, Jan. 12–18, 1969.

  5. Remarks: ex H. DuShane (AMNH 222054). Additional paratypes are in CASIZ, LACM, SDNHM, SU, and TU (Emerson and D'Attilio, 1970b: 90). It is not known if additional paratypes are still in the collection of J. and H. DuShane (Emerson and D'Attilio, 1970b: 90) or if AMNH 222054 represents all the paratypes from that collection. Although AMNH 153298 was cited by Emerson and D'Attilio (1970b: 90) as containing 9 specimens, the specimen figured by them (fig. 6) has been split from that lot (now AMNH 155904). The species was figured by Emerson and D'Attilio (1970b) in figs. 1–2, 4–6, not figs. 1–11 as stated on p. 89.

Aspella paupercula “var.” varians Usticke, 1969: 15, pl. 3, fig. 692 [?sic]

  1. Lectotype: AMNH 186114.

  2. Paralectotype: AMNH 186115.

  3. Locality: Maid Island, Antigua, Atlantic Ocean.

  4. Collector: Unknown.

  5. Remarks: ex Usticke Collection #695. Usticke (1969: 15) gave “695” as his catalog number for this taxon, but listed “692” in the figure caption; he later (1971: 12) changed his number (or made another error) for this taxon to “#690.” Although Usticke (1969: 15) cited this taxon as a “var.,” he listed it as a “n[ew] s[ub] sp[ecies]” (1969: 15), treated it subspecifically in the index, and called it “Aspella varians” in the figure caption. We consider this taxon to have been subspecifically described. We herein select the specimen figured by Usticke (1969, pl. 3, fig. 692 [?sic]) as lectotype, to permanently fix the identity of this poorly defined taxon. The repository of additional paralectotypes (if any) is unknown. This taxon is a synonym of Dermomurex (D.) alabastrum (A. Adams, 1864) (Vokes, 1992: 64).

Asperiscala goldsmithi DuShane, 1988: 269, figs. 3–4

  1. Paratypes: AMNH 225994 (2 specimens), 275631 (5 specimens).

  2. Locality: 19°44′N, 155°03′W, Puhi Bay, Hilo, Hawaii, United States, Pacific Ocean.

  3. Collector: M. Goldsmith, 1983.

  4. Remarks: ex DuShane Collection (AMNH 275631). The holotype is LACM 2304, and additional paratypes are LACM 2305 (DuShane, 1988: 269). This taxon is placed in the genus Epitonium Röding, 1798, and subgenus Asperiscala de Boury, 1909 (Weil et al., 1999: 90).

Astraea aspinosa Usticke, 1971: 4, pl. 1, fig. 172

  1. Holotype: AMNH 195408.

  2. Locality: 12–15 ft, Christiansted Harbor, St. Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands, Atlantic Ocean.

  3. Collector: Unknown.

  4. Remarks: ex Usticke Collection #172. The repository of paratypes is unknown; their existence is indicated by Usticke's (1971: 4) given size range for the taxon of 25–41 mm length.

Babelomurex deroyorum D'Attilio and Myers, 1984a: 84–85, figs. 10–14

  1. Paratypes: AMNH 213802a (1 specimen), 213802b (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: 75–100 m, off Isla Isabella (Albemarle Island), Tagus Cove, Galápagos Islands, Ecuador, Pacific Ocean.

  3. Collector: A. DeRoy, Jan. 1969.

  4. Remarks: The holotype is SDNHM 81613, and additional paratypes are SDNHM 81616a–c and USNM 819633a–b (D'Attilio and Myers, 1984a: 85).

Babelomurex gilli Kosuge, 1990: 147–148, pl. 55, figs. 1–6, text fig. 1

  1. Holotype: AMNH 225169.

  2. Locality: 80–90 m, off Western Sahara, Atlantic Ocean.

  3. Collector: Fisherman.

  4. Remarks: The paratypes are IMT 90–24 and in the collection of M. Gill (Kosuge, 1990: 148).

Bailya milleri Usticke, 1959: 67–68, pl. 2, fig. 21

  1. Holotype: AMNH 193772.

  2. Locality: Outer Reefs, Christiansted Harbor, St. Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands, Atlantic Ocean.

  3. Collector: G. W. N. Usticke and J. Miller.

  4. Remarks: ex Usticke Collection #779. Although this species was illustrated by Usticke (1959: pl. 2, fig. 21) with a particularly poor pencil drawing rather than a photograph, there is no confusion as to which specimen is represented, as he had only a single specimen of this taxon at the time of description. AMNH 193772 is therefore the holotype by monotypy and is illustrated with a photograph herein (fig. 4).

Barleeia mexicana Rolán and Crúz-Ábrego, 1998: 3–4, figs. 5–8, 13, 14

  1. Paratype: AMNH 294299 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: Puerto Morelos, Quintana Roo, Yucatan, Mexico, Atlantic Ocean.

  3. Collector: Unknown.

  4. Remarks: The holotype is MNCN 15.05/27465, and additional paratypes are in BMNH, EPMU, MNHN, ZMA, and the collection of E. Rolán (Rolán and Crúz-Ábrego, 1998: 3).

Bathytoma tremperiana Dall, 1911: 109–110

  1. Syntype: AMNH 206515 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: Off San Pedro, Los Angeles Co., California, United States, Pacific Ocean.

  3. Collector: Unknown.

  4. Remarks: ex Tremper Collection. The species was figured by Dall (1921: 68, pl. 12, fig. 5, as Cryptoconus tremperianus). Additional syntypes are probably in USNM (see Dall, 1927). This taxon is a synonym of Megasurcula carpenteriana Gabb, 1865 (Abbott and Dance, 1982: 241).

Belgrandia mariatheresiae Giusti and Pezzoli, 1972: 203–208, figs. 1–12

  1. Paratypes: AMNH 225192 (3 specimens).

  2. Locality: Fonte di San Cassiano, Fabriano, Marche, Italy.

  3. Collector: E. Pezzoli, Aug. 10, 1968.

  4. Remarks: ex Taviani Collection. The holotype is in MCSNM, and additional paratypes are MSNS 225954/74 and in the collections of F. Giusti and E. Pezzoli (Giusti and Pezzoli, 1972: 208).

Belgrandiella lucensis Rolán, 1992a: 105–108, pl. 1, figs. 7–8; pl. 2, figs. 5–6; pl. 4, fig. 4; pl. 5, figs. 1–9; pl. 6, figs. 4–5

  1. Paratype: AMNH 264681 (1 specimen, alcohol).

  2. Locality: Carrozo de Villaboa, Iberian Peninsula, Spain, Atlantic Ocean.

  3. Collector: Unknown.

  4. Remarks: ex Rolán Collection. The holotype is MNCN 15.05/1117, and additional paratypes are in the Museu Ciencias Naturales de la Universidad de Santiago de Compostela (Spain) and the collections of H. Boeters and E. Rolán (Rolán, 1992a: 108).

Belgrandiella montana Rolán, 1992a: 111–114, pl. 1, fig. 4; pl. 3, fig. 2; pl. 4, figs. 6, 8–9; pl. 6, figs. 7–8

  1. Paratype: AMNH 264683 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: Las Fraguas, Cantabria, Iberian Peninsula, Spain, Atlantic Ocean.

  3. Collector: Unknown.

  4. Remarks: ex Rolán Collection. The holotype is in MNCN, and additional paratypes are in the Museu de Ciencias Naturales de la Universidad de Santiago de Compostela (Spain) and the collections of H. Boeters and E. Rolán (Rolán, 1992a: 111).

Belgrandiella ovetensis Rolán, 1992a: 108–111, pl. 1, figs. 5–6; pl. 3, fig. 1; pl. 4, fig. 5; pl. 5, figs. 10–19; pl. 6, fig. 6

  1. Paratype: AMNH 264682 (1 specimen, alcohol).

  2. Locality: Carrozo de Villaboa, Iberian Peninsula, Spain, Atlantic Ocean.

  3. Collector: Unknown.

  4. Remarks: ex Rolán Collection. The holotype is MNCN 15.05/1118, and additional paratypes are in the Museu de Ciencias Naturales de la Universidad de Santiago de Compostela (Spain) and the collections of H. Boeters and E. Rolán (Rolán, 1992a: 109–110).

Bellaspira acclivicosta McLean and Poorman, 1970: 6–7, figs. 9–11

  1. Paratype: AMNH 147999 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: 15–20 fathoms, 27°56′N, 111°03′W, 1 km south of the east point at the entrance to Bahia San Carlos, Guaymas, Sonora, Mexico, Pacific Ocean.

  3. Collector: F. and R. Poorman, Dec. 1965–April 1967.

  4. Remarks: ex Poorman Collection. The holotype is LACM 1193, and additional paratypes are ANSP 315788, CASIZ 13159, SDNHM 50000, SU 9964, USNM 679183, and in the Poorman Collection (McLean and Poorman, 1970: 7).

Benthovoluta claydoni Harasewych, 1987: 173–176, figs. 10–18, 23–26

  1. Paratype: AMNH 221361 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: 450 m, off Port Hedland, Western Australia, Australia, Pacific Ocean.

  3. Collector: Commercial prawn fishermen.

  4. Remarks: The holotype is WAM 3252–83, and additional paratypes are in USNM and WAM (Harasewych, 1987: 176).

Bistolida (Blasicrura) pallidula summersi F. Schilder, 1958: 85–87, fig. 6

  1. Paratypes: AMNH 186628 (1 specimen), 186629 (1 specimen), 203879 (1 specimen), 213467 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: Nukualofa, Tongatabu, Tonga, Pacific Ocean.

  3. Collector: J. M. Ostergaard, July 1926.

  4. Remarks: ex Summers Collection (AMNH 186628, 186629, 213467) and Cate Collection #2755 (AMNH 203879). The holotype was Schilder Collection #8861 and an additional paratype was Schilder Collection #8862 (current repository unknown) (F. Schilder, 1958: 85). Additional paratypes are or were in BPBM and the collections of J. Ostergaard and R. Summers (F. Schilder, 1958: 85). This taxon is considered a full species in the genus Blasicrura Iredale, 1930 (Lorenz and Hubert, 1993: 161).

Bittiolum cerithioides “form” warmkeana Usticke, 1969: 12

  1. Lectotype: AMNH 195416.

  2. Locality: Altona Bay, St. Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands, Atlantic Ocean.

  3. Collector: Unknown.

  4. Remarks: ex Usticke Collection #373A. Although Usticke (1969: 12) cited this taxon as a “form,” he listed it as a “new s[ub] s[pecies]” (1969: 12) and treated it subspecifically in the index (as Bittium [sic] cerithioides warmkeana). We consider this taxon to have been subspecifically described. Usticke (1971: 7) stated that this specimen (now AMNH 195416) was the holotype. Because Usticke (1969: 12) did not designate a holotype, Usticke's (1971) action constituted a lectotype designation. The repository of the paralectotypes is unknown; their existence is indicated by Usticke's (1969: 12) given size range for the taxon of 3–4 mm length. This taxon was figured by Usticke (1971: pl. 1, fig. 373) and is a synonym of Finella dubia (d'Orbigny, 1842) (Faber, 1988: 93).

Bittium varium “form” turricula Usticke, 1969: 11, pl. 2, fig. 370A

  1. Lectotype: AMNH 198491 (lost).

  2. Locality: Water Island, St. Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands, Atlantic Ocean.

  3. Collector: Unknown.

  4. Remarks: ex Usticke Collection #370A. Although Usticke (1969: 11) cited this taxon as a “form,” he listed it as a “new s[ub] sp[ecies]” (1969: 11), treated it specifically in the index, and called it “Bittium turricula” in the figure caption. We consider this taxon to have been subspecifically described. Usticke (1969; 1971) never designated a specimen as holotype or lectotype. Although the specimen figured by Usticke (1969: pl. 2, fig. 370A) was “subsequently lost in a loan” (Faber, 1988: 91), in the interest of stability, and because of difficulties in establishing the breadth of the type series (see below), we designate Usticke's (1969: pl. 2, fig. 370A) figured specimen as lectotype. The lots of “possible syntypes” [= possible paralectotypes] cited by Faber (1988: 91; 1995: 65) are labeled “Bittium turriculum” (AMNH 192874, 192875), “Alabina” turricula (AMNH 193137), and “Cerithiodes turricula” (AMNH 193146). Because Usticke often added material to his type lots and kept very poor collection data, it is impossible to definitely assign any of these lots to the type series. The repository of the additional paralectotypes is unknown; their existence is indicated by Usticke's (1969: 11) given size range for the taxon of 1.5–3 mm length. Faber (1988: 91) suggested that this taxon name may not be applicable to the figured shell and conspecific specimens. This conclusion is incorrect, because these are the type specimens of the species and must be referred to by this name or that of a valid senior synonym. This taxon is placed in the genus Ittibittium Houbrick, 1993, as I. turriculum (Faber, 1995: 64).

Bizetiella shaskyi Radwin and D'Attilio, 1972: 347–350, figs. 1d–e, 24

  1. Paratype: AMNH 179302 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: 3–8 ft, 00°22′20″S, 90°34′30″W, Sombrero Chino Island, Galápagos Islands, Ecuador, Pacific Ocean.

  3. Collector: Ameripagos Expedition, March 22–24, 1971.

  4. Remarks: ex LACM. The holotype is SDSNM 56119, and additional paratypes are LACM 65–11, 65–12, 65–13, 65–15, SDSNH 34688, USNM 709237, and in the collection of D. Shasky (Radwin and D'Attilio, 1972: 348–349; Finet, 1994: 48).

Blandiella reclusa Guppy, 1871: 309, pl. 17, figs. 7–8

  1. Paralectotypes: AMNH 16698 (4 specimens).

  2. Locality: Oropuche Mountains, Trinidad, Trinidad and Tobago.

  3. Collector: R. Guppy.

  4. Remarks: ex Guppy via Crooke Collection. This taxon is the type of the genus Blandiella Guppy, 1871, by monotypy (Guppy, 1871: 309). The lectotype (MCZ 175606) was selected and figured by Clench and Turner (1948c: 170, pl. 23, fig. 9). The lectotype is MCZ 175606 (Clench and Turner, 1948c: 183, pl. 23, fig. 9).

Blasicrura coxeni hesperina F. Schilder and Summers, 1963b: 68–69, pls. 8–9, figs. d–f

  1. Paratypes: AMNH 96803 (2 specimens), 105502 (1 specimen), 162520 (1 specimen), 186632 (1 specimen), 186633 (1 specimen), 213443 (1 specimen), 220727 (4 specimens).

  2. Locality: Talasea, New Britain, Papua New Guinea, Pacific Ocean.

  3. Collector: E. H. Schlosser, Aug. 1961.

  4. Remarks: ex Katsaras Collection (AMNH 96803), Summers Collection (AMNH 105502, 186633, 213443, 220727), Deynzer Collection (AMNH 162520), and Gray Collection (AMNH 186632). The holotype was in the collection of F. A. Schilder #14616 (current repository unknown), and an unspecified number of paratypes were in the collections of “Burgess, Cernohorsky, Gray, Kuroba, Schilder and Summers” (current repository unknown) (Schilder and Summers, 1963b: 69). The figured shells (Schilder and Summers, 1963b: 69, pls. VI–VII, figs. F–G) are also paratypes. A paratype (ex Summers Collection) may be in CASIZ.

Blasicrura (Derstolida) kieneri schneideri F. and M. Schilder, 1938b: 166

  1. Syntypes: AMNH 186640 (2 specimens).

  2. Locality: Mope, northeast New Britain, Papua New Guinea, Pacific Ocean.

  3. Collector: Unknown.

  4. Remarks: ex Schilder Collection via Summers Collection. These specimens are probably from the type lot, but because of F. and M. Schilder's (1938b: 166) descriptive brevity and minimal data, this is not completely certain. The repository of additional syntypes is unknown. This taxon is a synonym of Bistolida kieneri depriesteri (Schilder, 1933) (Lorenz and Hubert, 1993: 168).

Blasicrura (Derstolida) ursellus amoeba F. and M. Schilder, 1938b: 167

  1. Syntypes: AMNH 186639 (2 specimens).

  2. Locality: Mope, northeast New Britain, Papua New Guinea, Pacific Ocean.

  3. Collector: Unknown.

  4. Remarks: ex Schilder Collection via Summers Collection. These specimens are probably from the type lot, but because of F. and M. Schilder's (1938b: 167) descriptive brevity and minimal data, this is not completely certain. The repository of additional syntypes is unknown. This taxon is a synonym of Bistolida ursellus (Gmelin, 1791) (Lorenz and Hubert, 1993: 171).

Borsonia brasiliana Tippett, 1983: 136–137, figs. 1–5

  1. Paratypes: AMNH 213805 (2 specimens).

  2. Locality: Sta. 4226, 150 fathoms, 00°18′N, 04°17′W, 200 mi north of São Luis, Maranhão, Brazil, Atlantic Ocean.

  3. Collector: R/V “Oregon,” March 9, 1963.

  4. Remarks: The holotype is USNM 810567, and additional paratypes are MCZ 294225 and in AIM, ANSP, BMNH, CASIZ, DMNH, LACM, MNHN, MORG, and ZMUC (Tippett, 1983: 137).

Bothropoma rubrostriatum Rolán, Rubio, and Fernández-Garcés, 1997: 19–23, figs. 1–14

  1. Paratypes: AMNH 292118 (3 specimens).

  2. Locality: Faro do los Colorados, Cienfuegos, Cuba, Atlantic Ocean.

  3. Collector: R. Fernández-Garcés.

  4. Remarks: ex Rolán Collection. The holotype is MNCN 15.05/20547, and additional paratypes are in BMNH, IES, MNCN, MNHN, ZMA, ZSM, and the collections of R. Fernández-Garcés, E. Rolán, and F. Rubio (Rolán et al., 1997: 19–20).

Brachycythara [sic] barbarae Lyons, 1972: 4, figs. 3–4

  1. Paratype: AMNH 167029 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: Sta. D, 55 m, 27°37′N, 83°58′W, off Egmont Key, Hillsborough Co., Florida, United States, Atlantic Ocean.

  3. Collector: Project Hourglass, Feb. 28, 1967.

  4. Remarks: The holotype is USNM 707003, and additional paratypes are MCZ 278869 and in ANSP, DMNH, FSCB, LACM, USNM, and the collection of D. Steger (Lyons, 1972: 4). The genus is correctly cited as Brachycithara Woodring, 1928.

Brachycythara [sic] stegeri Usticke, 1959: 83, pl. 4, fig. 14

  1. Holotype: AMNH 195466.

  2. Paratypes: AMNH 195466a (1 specimen), 294367 (1 specimen).

  3. Locality: Altona Bay, St. Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands, Atlantic Ocean.

  4. Collector: Unknown.

  5. Remarks: ex Usticke Collection #1172 (AMNH 195466, 195466a) and Schwartz Collection (AMNH 294367). AMNH 195466 is the specimen figured by Usticke in 1959 and 1969 (Usticke, 1959: pl. 4, fig. 14; 1969: pl. 6, fig. 1172) but not in 1971 (Usticke, 1971: pl. 4, fig. 1172), contrary to the statement of Faber (1988: 90); this specimen is the holotype. AMNH 195466a is the specimen figured by Usticke in 1971 (pl. 4, fig. 1172). The repository of additional paratypes (if any) is unknown; their existence is indicated by Usticke's (1959: 83) given size range for the taxon of 5–6.5 mm length. The genus is correctly cited as Brachycithara Woodring, 1928.

Buccinum lugubre C. B. Adams, 1852: 69–70

  1. Paralectotype: AMNH 79829 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: Panama, Pacific Ocean.

  3. Collector: C. B. Adams, Nov. 1850.

  4. Remarks: ex MCZ. The lectotype was selected as MCZ 186388 and illustrated by Turner (1956: 102, pl. 5, fig. 7). This species is placed in the genus Morula Schumacher, 1817, and subgenus Morurella Emerson and Hertlein, 1964, as M. (M.) lugubris (Emerson and Hertlein, 1964: 361).

Buccinum tanquaryi Baker, 1919: 511–512, pl. 26, figs. 1–2; pl. 27, fig. 3

  1. Holotype: AMNH 2508.

  2. Paratypes: AMNH 2501 (4 specimens), 2503 (3 specimens).

  3. Locality: Etah and Peeawahto Point, Greenland, Atlantic Ocean.

  4. Collector: W. Eckblaw and M. Tanquary (Crocker Land Expedition).

  5. Remarks: Additional paratypes are UIMNH Z10869 (Baker, 1919: 512).

Bufonaria (Bufonaria) cristinae Parth, 1989b: 51–53, pl. on p. 53

  1. Paratype: AMNH 246026 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: Philippines, Pacific Ocean.

  3. Collector: Unknown.

  4. Remarks: ex Parth Collection (paratype #5). The holotype is in BMNH (Parth, 1991: 21). The repository of the additional 4 paratypes is unknown. The right-hand portion of the plate on p. 53 in Parth (1989b) is reversed so that the specimens all appear sinistral.

Bullia perryi Jay, 1856: 295, pl. 5, figs. 13–15

  1. Holotype: AMNH 56084.

  2. Locality: “Bay of Yedo,” [Japan] (Jay, 1856: 295).

  3. Collector: Perry Japan Expedition, 1852–1854.

  4. Remarks: ex Jay Collection #11906. AMNH 56084 is labeled with the type locality data and is clearly the specimen figured by Jay (1856: pl. 5, figs. 13–15); it is the holotype by monotypy (fig. 5 herein). This species is placed in the genus Volutharpa Fischer, 1856, as a subspecies of V. ampullacea (Middendorf, 1848) (Higo and Goto, 1993: 236).

Bullia rogersi Smythe in Smythe and Chatfield, 1981: 376, pl. 17, figs. g–i

  1. Paratypes: AMNH 245762 (11 specimens).

  2. Locality: East coast beaches, Masirah Island, Oman, Indian Ocean.

  3. Collector: D. Bosch and family.

  4. Remarks: ex Bosch Collection. The holotype is BMNH 198095, and additional paratypes are BMNH 198096/1–4, NMW acc. 1980.140.1, and in USNM and ZMA (Smythe in Smythe and Chatfield, 1981: 376).

Buridrillia deroyorum Emerson and McLean, 1992: 39–41, figs. 1–14

  1. Holotype: AMNH 232163.

  2. Paratypes: AMNH 232164 (3 specimens), 232165 (4 specimens).

  3. Locality: 310 m, 01°14′S, 90°26′W, north of Isla Floreana [= Santa Maria Island and Charles Island], Galápagos Islands, Ecuador, Pacific Ocean.

  4. Collector: A. and J. DeRoy, April 15, 1979.

  5. Remarks: Additional paratypes are LACM 2461 (Emerson and McLean, 1992: 41).

Bursa barcellosi Matthews, Rios, and Coelho, 1973: 52–53, figs. 1–5

  1. Paratype: AMNH 181194 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: 100 m, off Albardão, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, Atlantic Ocean.

  3. Collector: L. Pontes on “Kosei Maru.”

  4. Remarks: ex MORG 18001. The holotype is MORG 17755, and additional paratypes are LABOMAR 512, MN 3647, MNHNM 8779, MORG 17747, and in USNM and the collection of B. Barcellos (Matthews et al., 1973: 53–54). This taxon is a subspecies of Ranella olearium (Linnaeus, 1758) (Rios, 1994: 86).

Bursa corrugata “var.” lineata Usticke, 1959: 61–62, pl. 3, fig. 12

  1. Holotype: AMNH 195427.

  2. Paratype: AMNH 294357 (1 specimen).

  3. Locality: Krause's Lagoon, north of Fredericksted, St. Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands, Atlantic Ocean.

  4. Collector: Unknown.

  5. Remarks: ex Usticke Collection #632 (AMNH 195427) and Schwartz Collection (AMNH 294357). Although Usticke cited this taxon as a “var.” (= variety) (1959: 61) and as a “form” (1959: 62), he first listed it (1959: vi) as “Bursa corrugata lineata” under the heading “new species and subspecies.” We consider this taxon to have been subspecifically described and the holotype to be valid. The repository of additional paratypes is unknown; their existence is indicated by Usticke's (1959: 61) given size range for the taxon of 28–35 mm length. Faber (1988: 83) placed this taxon as a synonym of B. corrugata (Perry, 1811), but the holotype and paratype are actually small specimens of B. granularis cubaniana (d'Orbigny, 1842) (new synonymy).

Bursa cubaniana “var.” intermedia Usticke, 1959: 61–62, pl. 3, fig. 13

  1. Holotype: lost.

  2. Paratype: AMNH 294355 (1 specimen).

  3. Locality: North of Fredericksted, St. Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands, Atlantic Ocean.

  4. Collector: Unknown.

  5. Remarks: ex Schwartz Collection (AMNH 294355). Although Usticke cited this taxon as a “var.” (= variety) (1959: 61) and subspecifically (1959: 62), he first listed it (1959: vi) as “Bursa cubaniana intermedia” under the heading “new species and subspecies.” We consider this taxon to have been subspecifically described and the holotype to be valid. However, the holotype cannot be located in AMNH and is considered lost. There is a specimen (AMNH 198478; labeled “neotype”) that closely resembles the holotype, but it is too small to belong to Usticke's (1959) type series and has no standing as a neotype. The repository of additional paratypes is unknown; their existence is indicated by Usticke's (1959: 61) given size range for the taxon of 35–45 mm length. Based on the only known paratype, this taxon is a synonym of B. granularis cubaniana (d'Orbigny, 1842) (new synonymy).

Bursa (Bursa) davidboschi Beu, 1986: 318–319, figs. 165–175

  1. Paratype: AMNH 220519 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: Medina, Misamis Province, Mindanao, Philippines, Pacific Ocean.

  3. Collector: Unknown.

  4. Remarks: ex Abbey Specimen Shells. The holotype is USNM 849006, and additional paratypes are NZGS WM13260, WM13972, WM14096, USNM 849007, and in the collections of K. Smythe and Abbey Specimen Shells (Beu, 1986: 321).

Bursa (Bursa) lucaensis Parth, 1991: 20–21, 2 unnumbered figs

  1. Holotype: AMNH 232182.

  2. Locality: Cebu, Philippines, Pacific Ocean.

  3. Collector: Unknown.

  4. Remarks: ex Parth. AMNH 232182 is the holotype by monotypy.

Bursa (Bursa) pacamoni Matthews and Coelho, 1971: 2–5, figs. 1–4

  1. Paratypes: AMNH 163333 (10 specimens).

  2. Locality: ex pisces, 15–30 fathoms, off Mucuripe, Fortaleza, Ceara, Brazil, Atlantic Ocean.

  3. Collector: Fishermen, 1964–1970.

  4. Remarks: The holotype is MNRJ 3538, and additional paratypes are in LABOMAR, MNHN, MNRJ, and MORG (Matthews and Coelho, 1971: 6). This taxon is a synonym of B. grayana (Dunker, 1868) (Rios, 1994: 92).

Bursa (Colubrellina) quirihorai Beu, 1986: 321–324, figs. 182–192

  1. Paratype: AMNH 220520 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: 150–200 fathoms, off Balicasag Island, south of Panglac, Bohol, Philippines, Pacific Ocean.

  3. Collector: Q. Hora, 1984.

  4. Remarks: ex Abbey Specimen Shells via K. Vaught. The holotype is USNM 849004, and additional paratypes are NZGS WM14093, WM14442, SBNHM 33909, and in MNHN and the collection of Abbey Specimen Shells (Beu, 1986: 324).

Busycon laeostomum Kent, 1982: 101, figs. 1–5, 7, 10

  1. Paratype: AMNH 206091 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: 10–15 m, off Stone Harbor, Cape May Co., New Jersey, United States, Atlantic Ocean.

  3. Collector: Unknown, Jan. 1979.

  4. Remarks: ex M. G. Harasewych Collection. The holotype is USNM 806849, and additional paratypes are USNM 678850, 679720, 806850, 806851, and in the collections of M. Harasewych, B. Kent, T. Pope, and G. Vermeij (Kent, 1982: 101).

Caducifer (Monostiolum) weberi Watters, 1983: 125–128, figs. 1–6, 11

  1. Paratype: AMNH 206077 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: La Chorrera, Havana, Cuba, Atlantic Ocean.

  3. Collector: Unknown.

  4. Remarks: The holotype is ANSP 355365, and additional paratypes are USNM 617392 (Watters, 1983: 126). This taxon is the type of the subgenus Parabailya Watters and Finlay, 1989, and is placed in the genus Bailya Smith, 1944 (Watters and Finlay, 1989: 55).

Caecum insularum Moore, 1970: 369, figs. 1a–b.

  1. Paratypes: AMNH 147965 (10 specimens), 198498 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: 1.5 m, Lesser Lameshur Bay, St. John's, U.S. Virgin Islands, Atlantic Ocean.

  3. Collector: D. R. Moore and R. B. Manning, June 7, 1961.

  4. Remarks: ex Moore Collection via G. W. Nowell-Usticke Collection (AMNH 198498). The holotype is USNM 679178, and additional paratypes are ANSP 315477, MCZ 271305, UMML 30:3203, USNM 679179, and in the collections of D. Moore and G. Warmke (Moore, 1970: 370–371).

Caecum (Micranellum) limnetes Long, 1972: 291, figs. 1–2

  1. Paratype: AMNH 162063 (1 specimen, fragmented).

  2. Locality: 31°20′30″N, 113°36′30″W, Estero Choya, Sonora, Mexico, Pacific Ocean.

  3. Collector: G. E. Long, Oct. 23, 1970.

  4. Remarks: The holotype is CASIZ 13617, and additional paratypes are BMNH 197012, CASIZ 13618, FMNH 172334, LACM 1446, SDMNH 55551, and in the collection of G. Long (Long, 1972: 292). AMNH 162063 was mounted by Long in balsam on a microscope slide. Due to the extreme crystallization of the mounting medium, the balsam was removed with solvent in Dec. 1998. Unfortunately, deterioration of the mounting medium had caused the shell to fragment. The 3 small pieces that are recognizable as parts of the paratype are now preserved in a shell vial.

Calliclava jaliscoensis McLean and Poorman, 1971: 90, fig. 1

  1. Paratype: AMNH 164606 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: 20–40 fathoms, 19°17′N, 104°50′W, Tenacatita Bay, Jalísco, Mexico, Pacific Ocean.

  3. Collector: G. Willett, Feb. 18, 1938.

  4. Remarks: The holotype is LACM 1465, and additional paratypes are LACM 1466 and in ANSP, CASIZ, SDNHM, SU, and USNM (McLean and Poorman, 1971: 90).

Calliostoma barbouri Clench and Aguayo, 1946: 89–90, text fig

  1. Paratype: AMNH 295277 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: 3–15 fathoms, Arenas de la Chorrera, Santa Fe, near Havana, Cuba, Atlantic Ocean.

  3. Collector: J. Finlay.

  4. Remarks: ex Eddison Collection. The holotype is MCZ 178128, and additional paratypes are MPUH 11.602 and in the collection of M. Jaume (Clench and Aguayo, 1946: 90).

Calliostoma mcleani Shasky and Campbell, 1964: 117, pl. 22, figs. 21, 24

  1. Paratype: AMNH 127468 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: 2–15 m, first shallow cove northwest of Bahía Saladita, midway between Punta Colorada and Punta Lobos, Guaymas, Sonora, Mexico, Pacific Ocean.

  3. Collector: D. Shasky, July 4–5, 1962.

  4. Remarks: The holotype is SU 9742, and additional paratypes are in the collections of T. Bratcher, B. Campbell, J. McLean, and D. Shasky (Shasky and Campbell, 1964: 117).

Calliostoma (Kombologion) rosewateri Clench and Turner, 1960: 41–42, pl. 6, fig. 3; pl. 10, fig. 2; pl. 26

  1. Paratypes: AMNH 105562 (2 specimens).

  2. Locality: Sta. 1985, 150 fathoms, 09°04′N, 59°47′W, approx. 85 mi SE of Galeota Point, Trinidad, Trinidad and Tobago, Atlantic Ocean.

  3. Collector: H. Bullis on R/V “Oregon,” March 11, 1957.

  4. Remarks: ex Bullis Collection. The holotype is USNM 612704, and additional paratypes are in the collection of H. Bullis (Clench and Turner, 1960: 42). This taxon is a subspecies of C. bairdii Verrill and Smith, 1880 (Abbott, 1974: 44).

Calliostoma scalenum Quinn, 1992: 92–93, figs. 43–44, 110–111

  1. Paratype: AMNH 225980 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: 21–27 m, 28°09′54″N, 94°18′00″W, Stetson Bank, southeast of Galveston, Galveston Co., Texas, United States, Atlantic Ocean.

  3. Collector: North West Gulf Survey, Aug. 1971.

  4. Remarks: The holotype is USNM 859356, and additional paratypes are ANSP 338470, 367152, FSBC 32315, HMNS 15022, 15850, LACM 2292, MCZ 297051, UF 110222, and USNM 859357 (Quinn, 1992: 92–93).

Calliotropis globosa Quinn, 1991: 168–169, figs. 7–8

  1. Paratypes: AMNH 232160 (2 specimens).

  2. Locality: Sta. P-1262, 805–1089 m, 17°21.4′N, 77°34.8′W, south of Jamaica, Atlantic Ocean.

  3. Collector: R/V “John Elliott Pilsbury,” July 15, 1970.

  4. Remarks: The holotype is USNM 859419, and additional paratypes are ANSP 383289, FSBC I 39515, MCZ 302452, UF 169956, UMML 30.8358, and USNM 859420 (Quinn, 1991: 169).

Calotrophon andrewsi Vokes, 1976: 110–111, pl. 6, figs. 3–6

  1. Paratypes: AMNH 182710 (1 specimen), 183197 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: 77 fathoms, off Egmont Key (AMNH 182710), 4 fathoms, Shark River (AMNH 183197), Hillsborough Co., Florida, United States, Atlantic Ocean.

  3. Collector: J. Moore, 1962 (AMNH 182710) and Oct. 1966 (AMNH 182710).

  4. Remarks: The holotype is USNM 711111, and additional paratypes are USNM 711112, 711113, and in TU and the collection of B. Steger (Vokes, 1976: 111).

Cancellaria balboae Pilsbry, 1931: 439–440, pl. 41, figs. 7–8

  1. Holotype: AMNH 269087.

  2. Locality: Mouth of Rio Grande, in mud, 10–40 ft, 1 mi from mainland near La Boca, Panama Bay, Panama, Pacific Ocean.

  3. Collector: D. MacDonald, 1907.

  4. Remarks: ex Columbia University Collection #22122. The paratype is ANSP 107154 (Pilsbry, 1931: 439). This taxon is placed in the subgenus Euclia H. and A. Adams, 1854 (Keen, 1971: 651).

Cancellaria darwini Petit, 1970: 85–86, pl. 1, figs. 4a–c

  1. Holotype: AMNH 154677.

  2. Locality: 170–200 m, south of Academy Bay, Isla Santa Cruz, Galápagos Islands, Ecuador, Pacific Ocean.

  3. Collector: J. DeRoy, July 26, 1969.

  4. Remarks: The paratypes are in SU, USNM, and the collection of R. Petit (Petit, 1970: 86).

Cancellaria (Euclia) laurettae Petit and Harasewych, 1998: 113–116, figs. 1–4

  1. Paratype: AMNH 292527 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: 270–360 m, off Isla Montuosa, west of Punta Hermosa, Isla de Coiba, Golfo de Chiriqui, Panama, Pacific Ocean.

  3. Collector: Unknown.

  4. Remarks: The holotype is USNM 880277, and additional paratypes are ANSP 401180, LACM 2815, USNM 880278, and in the collections of J. Ernest, E. Garcia, and R. Petit (Petit and Harasewych, 1998: 115–116).

Cantharus (Gemophos) berryi McLean, 1970a: 314, pl. 46, figs. 13–14

  1. Paratypes: AMNH 154689 (3 specimens).

  2. Locality: 10–15 fathoms, 20°45′N, 105°30′W, off La Cruz, Banderas Bay, Jalísco, Mexico, Pacific Ocean.

  3. Collector: J. H. McLean and M. Keen on “Sea Quest,” March 20–24, 1965.

  4. Remarks: ex LACM. The holotype is LACM 1286, and additional paratypes are CASIZ 13275, LACM 1287, SDNHM 51306, SU 9990, MCZ 271948, and in USNM (McLean, 1970a: 314). An additional (approximate) 48 paratypes are in the collection of J. McLean (McLean, 1970a: 314).

Cantharus karinae Usticke, 1959: 69, pl. 4, fig. 4

  1. Holotype: AMNH 193771.

  2. Paratype: AMNH 294356 (1 specimen).

  3. Locality: North of Fredericksted, St. Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands, Atlantic Ocean.

  4. Collector: Unknown.

  5. Remarks: ex Usticke Collection #798 (AMNH 193771) and Schwartz Collection (AMNH 294356). The repository of additional paratypes is unknown; their existence is indicated by Usticke's (1959: 69) given size range for the taxon of 18–23 mm length.

Cantharus multangulus grandanus Abbott, 1986: 120, figs. 1–2

  1. Paratype: AMNH 222560 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: 2–4 ft, ¼ mi east of Black Isle, Saint Joseph Bay, off Port St. Joe, Gulf Co., Florida, United States, Atlantic Ocean.

  3. Collector: R. Granda, March 13, 1982.

  4. Remarks: The holotype is USNM 859096, and additional paratypes are MCZ 301601 and in ANSP and FSM (Abbott, 1986: 120).

Carinodrillia buccooensis Usticke, 1971: 23, pl. 4, fig. 1104

  1. Holotype: AMNH 195460.

  2. Locality: Buccoo Reef, Tobago, British Virgin Islands, Atlantic Ocean.

  3. Collector: Unknown.

  4. Remarks: ex Usticke Collection #1104. AMNH 195460 is the holotype by monotypy.

Ceratoxancus teramachii Kuroda, 1952: 70–71, figs. 1–4

  1. Paratype: AMNH 169039 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: 200 fathoms, Tosa, Japan, Pacific Ocean.

  3. Collector: A. Teramachi.

  4. Remarks: ex Teramachi Collection via Sasaki Collection via D'Attilio Collection. AMNH 169039 is paratype #2 with operculum. This taxon is the type of the genus Ceratoxancus Kuroda, 1952, by monotypy (Kuroda, 1952: 29).

Cerithidea costata “form” barbudaensis Usticke, 1969: 11, pl. 2, fig. 349

  1. Lectotype: AMNH 195415.

  2. Locality: Mangrove swamps, Barbuda Island, Antigua and Barbuda, Atlantic Ocean.

  3. Collector: Unknown.

  4. Remarks: ex Usticke Collection #349. Although Usticke (1969: 11) cited this taxon as a “form,” he listed it as a “new s[ub] sp[ecies]” (1969: 11), treated it subspecifically in the index, and called it “Cerithidea barbudaensis” in the figure caption. We consider this taxon to have been subspecifically described. Usticke (1971: 7) stated that this specimen was the holotype. Because Usticke (1969: 11) did not designate a holotype, Usticke's (1971) action constituted a lectotype designation. The repository of the paralectotypes is unknown; their existence is indicated by Usticke's (1969: 11) given size range for the taxon of 12–17 mm length. This taxon is a possible synonym of Cerithidea costata beattyi Bequaert, 1942 (Faber, 1988: 73).

Cerithiopsis academicorum Rolán and Espinosa, 1995: 140–141, figs. 21–26

  1. Paratype: AMNH 226503 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: Cienfuegos, Cuba, Atlantic Ocean.

  3. Collector: Unknown.

  4. Remarks: The holotype is MNCN 15.05/17219, and additional paratypes are in BMNH, IES, MNHN, USNM, ZMA, and the collections of R. Fernández-Garcés and E. Rolán (Rolán and Espinosa, 1995: 140).

Cerithiopsis aimen Rolán and Espinosa, 1995: 142, figs. 27–30

  1. Paratype: AMNH 226504 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: Punta Tamarindo, Cuba, Atlantic Ocean.

  3. Collector: Unknown.

  4. Remarks: The holotype is MNCN 15.05/17220, and additional paratypes are in IES and the collection of E. Rolán (Rolán and Espinosa, 1995: 142).

Cerithiopsis binoda Usticke, 1969: 12, pl. 2, fig. 378

  1. Lectotype: AMNH 198492.

  2. Locality: St. Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands, Atlantic Ocean.

  3. Collector: Unknown.

  4. Remarks: ex Usticke Collection #378. We herein select the specimen figured by Usticke (1969, pl. 2, fig. 378) as lectotype to fix the identity of this poorly defined taxon. The repository of the paralectotypes is unknown; their existence is indicated by Usticke's (1969: 12) given size range for the taxon of 6–8 mm length. Usticke considered this taxon to be a synonym of C. bicolor C. B. Adams, 1850 (Usticke, MS: 79).

Cerithiopsis contra-pupa Usticke, 1969: 12, pl. 2, fig. 394

  1. Holotype: AMNH 195418.

  2. Locality: Long Reef, Christiansted, St. Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands, Atlantic Ocean.

  3. Collector: Unknown.

  4. Remarks: ex Usticke Collection #394/395. AMNH 195418 is the holotype by monotypy. Usticke changed his catalog number for this taxon from #394 (1969: 12) to #395 (1971: 8) without explanation. The taxon is correctly cited without the hyphen as C. contrapupa.

Cerithiopsis cruzana Usticke, 1959: 42, pl. 2, fig. 17

  1. Holotype: AMNH 195417.

  2. Locality: Ham Bay, St. Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands, Atlantic Ocean.

  3. Collector: Unknown.

  4. Remarks: ex Usticke Collection #386. Usticke (1959: 42) gave only a single measurement for this taxon, and we conclude that he had only a single specimen before him at the time of description. This taxon is possibly a synonym of C. latum (C. B. Adams, 1850) (Faber, 1988: 76).

Cerithiopsis dominiquezi Rolán and Espinosa, 1995: 136–138, figs. 17–19

  1. Paratype: AMNH 226525 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: Jibacoa, Cuba, Atlantic Ocean.

  3. Collector: Unknown.

  4. Remarks: The holotype is MNCN 15.05/17225, and additional paratypes are in USNM and the collection of E. Rolán (Rolán and Espinosa, 1995: 136).

Cerithiopsis fuscoflavus Rolán and Espinosa, 1995: 144–146, figs. 37–39

  1. Paratype: AMNH 226508 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: Jibacoa, Cuba, Atlantic Ocean.

  3. Collector: Unknown.

  4. Remarks: The holotype is MNCN 15.05/18008, and additional paratypes are in IES, ZMA, and the collection of E. Rolán (Rolán and Espinosa, 1995: 144).

Cerithiopsis paucispiralis Rolán and Fernandes, 1989: 38, fig. 1

  1. Paratype: AMNH 245391 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: Fuma Bay, Brava Island, Cape Verde Islands, Portugal, Atlantic Ocean.

  3. Collector: E. Rolán.

  4. Remarks: ex Rolán Collection. The holotype is MNCN 11.37/1033, and additional paratypes are in BMNH, IICT, MIST, MNHN, and ZMA (Rolán and Fernandes, 1989: 38).

Cerithiopsis portoi Rolán and Espinosa, 1995: 144, figs. 34–36

  1. Paratype: AMNH 226506 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: Jibacoa, Cuba, Atlantic Ocean.

  3. Collector: Unknown.

  4. Remarks: The holotype is MNCN 15.05/17222, and additional paratypes are in BMNH, IES, and the collections of R. Fernández-Garcés and E. Rolán (Rolán and Espinosa, 1995: 144).

Cerithiopsis prieguei Rolán and Espinosa, 1995: 142–144, figs. 31–33, 44–45

  1. Paratype: AMNH 226505 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: Marianao Beach, La Habana, Cuba, Atlantic Ocean.

  3. Collector: Unknown.

  4. Remarks: The holotype is MNCN 15.05/17221, and additional paratypes are in BMNH, IES, MNHN, UNMS, ZMA, and the collections of R. Fernández-Garcés and E. Rolán (Rolán and Espinosa, 1995: 142).

Cerithiopsis pseudomovilla Rolán and Espinosa, 1995: 134–136, figs. 11–13

  1. Paratype: AMNH 226507 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: Jibacoa, Cuba, Atlantic Ocean.

  3. Collector: Unknown.

  4. Remarks: The holotype is MNCN 15.05/17226, and additional paratypes are in BMNH, IES, MNHN, USNM, ZMA, and the collections of R. Fernández-Garcés and E. Rolán (Rolán and Espinosa, 1995: 134).

Cerithium magnum Jay, 1836: explanation of pl. 2 [p. 83], fig. 5

  1. Lectotype: AMNH 56067.

  2. Paralectotype: AMNH 16126 (2 specimens; in part—see remarks).

  3. Locality: “?” (Jay, 1836: 83); “New Holland” (Jay, 1850: 314).

  4. Collector: Unknown.

  5. Remarks: ex Jay Collection #2560a (Jay, 1839) and #7687 (Jay, 1850). AMNH 56057 is labeled as “fig d. pl. 2, fig. 5” (fig. 6 herein). Houbrick (1978: 108) stated that AMNH 56067 was the holotype, but because Jay (1836) did not designate a holotype, Houbrick's statement was an inadvertent lectotype designation. Jay (1839) stated that he had “two specimens in my cabinet.” One of the specimens from AMNH 16126 is therefore not part of the type series, but it is not possible at this time to determine which one. This species is a synonym of Pseudovertagus (P.) clava (Gmelin, 1791) (Houbrick, 1978: 108).

Cerodrillia girardi Lyons, 1972: 3–4, figs. 1–2

  1. Paratype: AMNH 167028 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: Sta. D, 55 m, 27°37′N, 83°58′W, off Egmont Key, Hillsborough Co., Florida, United States, Atlantic Ocean.

  3. Collector: Project Hourglass, April 4, 1967.

  4. Remarks: The holotype is USNM 707001, and additional paratypes are MCZ 278870 and in ANSP, DMNH, FSCB I, LACM, and USNM (Lyons, 1972: 3–4).

Cheilea equestris striata Usticke, 1959: 47, pl. 2, fig. 19

  1. Holotype: AMNH 198509.

  2. Paratype: AMNH 294373 (1 specimen).

  3. Locality: Judith's Fancy, St. Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands, Atlantic Ocean.

  4. Collector: Unknown.

  5. Remarks: ex Usticke Collection (AMNH 198509) and Schwartz Collection (AMNH 294373). The repository of additional paratypes is unknown; their existence is indicated by Usticke's (1959: 47) given size range for the taxon of 20–40 mm length. This taxon is a synonym of C. equestris (Linnaeus, 1758) (Faber, 1988: 90).

Cheirodonta apexcrassum Rolán and Fernández-Garcés, 1994: 21–22, figs. 27–29

  1. Paratype: AMNH 226471 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: 7 m, Jibacoa, Cuba, Atlantic Ocean.

  3. Collector: Unknown.

  4. Remarks: The holotype is NINCN 15.05/11143, and additional paratypes are BMNH 1993061 and in IES, MNHN, ZMA, and the collections of R. Fernández-Garcés and E. Rolán (Rolán and Fernández-Garcés, 1994: 21–22).

Cheirodonta decollate Rolán and Fernández-Garcés, 1994: 20–21, figs. 19–21, 23–24, 30

  1. Paratypes: AMNH 226470 (2 specimens).

  2. Locality: 2 m, Marianao Beach, La Habana, Cuba, Atlantic Ocean.

  3. Collector: Unknown.

  4. Remarks: The holotype is MNCN 15.05/11142, and additional paratypes are BMNH 1993062 and in IES, MNHN, ZMA, and the collections of R. Fernández-Garcés and E. Rolán (Rolán and Fernández-Garcés, 1994: 21).

Chicoreus cosmani Abbott and Finlay, 1979: 159–161, figs. 1–9

  1. Paratype: AMNH 223497 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: 10–15 ft, Reynolds bauxite dock, Ocho Rio, Jamaica, Atlantic Ocean.

  3. Collector: D. Cosman, March 1967.

  4. Remarks: ex Bijur Collection. The holotype is USNM 783323, and additional paratypes are ANSP 35419 and in DMNH and the collections of J. Bijur, D. Cosman, and C. Finlay (Abbott and Finlay, 1979: 161). This specimen (AMNH 223497) was donated as part of the J. M. Bijur Collection; the specimen(s) stated to be deposited in AMNH by Abbott and Finlay (1979) were lost in the mail. This taxon is placed in the subgenus Triplex Perry, 1810 (Houart, 1994: 42).

Chicoreus fosterorum Houart, 1989: 60–62, figs. 1–5

  1. Paratype: AMNH 226465 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: 50 m, 30°15′S, 30°49′E, Aliwal Shoal, Natal, Indian Ocean.

  3. Collector: Unknown.

  4. Remarks: ex Glass and Foster Collection #86–083 via Vaught Collection. The holotype is NM 5343, and additional paratypes are NM E2031 and in the R. Houart Collection (Houart, 1989: 60). This taxon is placed in the subgenus Triplex Perry, 1810 (Houart, 1994: 51).

Chicoreus rachelcarsonae Petuch, 1987: 13, pl. 1, figs. 9–10

  1. Paratype: AMNH 223374 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: 400 ft, 30 mi west of Cedar Key, Levy Co., Florida, United States, Atlantic Ocean.

  3. Collector: Unknown.

  4. Remarks: ex Pace Collection via A. Deynzer. The holotype is USNM 859811, and the additional paratype is ANSP 354768 (Petuch, 1987: 13). This taxon is a synonym of C. dilectus (A. Adams, 1855) (Vokes, 1990: 30).

Chicoreus subpalmatus Houart, 1988: 188–189, figs. 1–2, 15

  1. Paratype: AMNH 225999 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: Sta. DW 14, 246 m, 23°40′S, 168°00′E, south of New Caledonia, Pacific Ocean.

  3. Collector: B. Richer on R/V “Vauban,” May 22, 1987.

  4. Remarks: The holotype is in MNHN, and additional paratypes are AMS C 155097, NMNZ MF 56356, and in MNHN and the collection of R. Houart (Houart, 1988: 188). This taxon is placed in the subgenus Triplex Perry, 1810 (Houart, 1994: 94).

Chicoreus (Chicomurex) turschi Houart, 1981: 186–188, figs. 1–6

  1. Paratypes: AMNH 196023 (1 specimen), 196024 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: 45–60 m, off Durangit, Hansa Bay, Papua New Guinea, Pacific Ocean.

  3. Collector: Unknown.

  4. Remarks: The holotype is IRSBN 374, and additional paratypes are BMNH 198089, USNM 784589, and in the collection of R. Houart (Houart, 1981: 188). This taxon is placed in the genus Chicomurex Arakawa, 1964 (Houart, 1994: 99).

Chondropoma (Chondropomium) clenchi Pilsbry, 1933: 126, pl. 9, figs. 2–3.

  1. Paratypes: AMNH 81534 (3 specimens).

  2. Locality: St. 85, approximately 3000 ft, Senior Del Monte's plantation, in a verdant gully, near Salvation, Barahona, Santo Domingo.

  3. Collector: D. Pease, Aug. 4, 1932.

  4. Remarks: ex ANSP. The holotype and additional paratypes are ANSP 160995 (Pilsbry, 1933: 126). Further paratypes are in MCZ and the collection of D. Pease (Pilsbry, 1933: 126). This taxon may be a Licina Gray, 1847 (Baker, 1964: 169). This species-level name is a homonym of Chondropoma ernesti clenchi Aguayo, 1932 (now C. (Chondropomedes) ernesti clenchi fide Torre and Bartch, 1938: 363). C. (Chondropomium) clenchi Pilsbry is herein replaced by Chondropoma (Chondropomium) compressa, nom. nov., from the Latin “to press together” or, more loosely, “to clench.”

Chondropoma (Chondropoma) fuentesi Jaume and Alcalde, 1944: 39–40, pl. 6

  1. Paratypes: AMNH 150483 (4 specimens).

  2. Locality: “Santa Martina,” junta al Río Arimao, Barrio de Gavilán, Cienfuegos, Las Villas, Cuba.

  3. Collector: M. Jaume and O. Alcalde, May 1943.

  4. Remarks: ex Jacobson Collection. The holotype is MP 3868, and additional paratypes are MP 3869 and in the collections of O. Alcalde, M. Jaume, and L. Sánchez (Jaume and Alcalde, 1944: 39).

Chondropoma hendersoni Torre, 1909: 49–50, pl. 4, fig. 6

  1. Syntypes: AMNH 56103 (4 specimens).

  2. Locality: Sierra del Ancón, northwest of Viñales, Pinar del Rio, Cuba.

  3. Collector: Unknown.

  4. Remarks: ex Torre (1912). This taxon is the type of the subgenus Hendersonina Torre and Bartsch, 1938, by monotypy (Torre and Bartsch, 1938: 234). An additional syntype is ANSP 219657 (Richardson et al., 1991: 46).

Chondropoma olssoni Pilsbry, 1933: 125, pl. 6, figs. 1–4

  1. Paratypes: AMNH 95461 (5 specimens).

  2. Locality: Cerro Monti Cristi, Barahona, Santo Domingo.

  3. Collector: A. A. Olsson, 1916.

  4. Remarks: ex ANSP. The holotype is ANSP 160978 (Pilsbry, 1933: 125). Additional paratypes are ANSP 160868 and 373757 (formerly ANSP 160978) (Richardson et al., 1991: 46; as “paralectotypes”). Richardson et al. (1991: 46) stated that Baker (1964: 170) designated a lectotype, but Baker (1964: 170) correctly cited ANSP 160978 as the holotype by original designation of Pilsbry (1933: 125).

Chondropoma xenicum Pilsbry, 1933: 124–125, pl. 6, figs. 11–12

  1. Paratype: AMNH 81527 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: St. 85, approximately 3000 ft, Senior Del Monte's plantation, in a verdant gully, near Salvation, Barahona, Santo Domingo.

  3. Collector: D. Pease, Aug. 4, 1932.

  4. Remarks: ex ANSP. The holotype is ANSP 160980 (Pilsbry, 1933: 124). Additional paratypes are ANSP 374385 (formerly ANSP 160980) (Richardson et al., 1991: 131).

Chondropometes (Chondropometes) torrei Bartsch, 1937: 130–131, fig. 2

  1. Paratypes: AMNH 197984 (2 specimens).

  2. Locality: Mogote Canalete, Abra de Bejarano, Sierra San Andrés, Pinar del Rio, Cuba.

  3. Collector: M. L. Jaume.

  4. Remarks: ex Haume via Jacobson Collection. The holotype is USNM 428794 (Bartsch, 1937: 131).

Chondrothyrium (Plicathyrium) alcaldei Jaume and Fuentes, 1943b: 24–25, pl. 4, fig. 1

  1. Paratypes: AMNH 150240 (2 specimens).

  2. Locality: Barrio de la Sierra, Cienfuegos, Las Villas, Cuba.

  3. Collector: O. Alcalde.

  4. Remarks: ex Jacobson Collection. The holotype is MP 5477, and additional paratypes are in the collections of O. Alcalde, L. Fuentes, and M. Jaume (Jaume and Fuentes, 1943b: 24). This species is the type of the subgenus Plicathyrium Jaume and Fuentes, 1943, by original designation (Jaume and Fuentes, 1943b: 23).

Chondrothyrium violaceum jaumei Alcalde, 1943: 14, pl. 1, fig. 2

  1. Paratypes: AMNH 150243 (3 specimens).

  2. Locality: Río Chiquito, Cienfuegos, Las Villas, Cuba.

  3. Collector: O. Alcalde.

  4. Remarks: ex Jacobson Collection. The holotype is MP 5483, and additional paratypes are in the collections of O. Alcalde, L. Fuentes, and M. Jaume (Alcalde, 1943: 14).

Chondrothyrium violaceum serranum Torre and Bartsch, 1938: 398–399, pl. 28, fig. 14

  1. Paratypes: AMNH 150478 (5 specimens).

  2. Locality: Naranga Dulce, La Sierra, southeast of Cienfuegos, Cuba.

  3. Collector: Unknown.

  4. Remarks: ex Jacobson Collection. The holotype is USNM 367833 (Torre and Bartsch, 1938: 399).

Choristes coani Marincovich, 1975: 169–170, figs. 2, 6–7

  1. Paratypes: AMNH 181739a (1 specimen), 181739b (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: Sample OTB 132, 2830 m, 44°35.3′N, 125°34.5′W to 44°37′N, 125°36.4′W, off central Oregon, United States, Pacific Ocean.

  3. Collector: Department of Oceanography, Oregon State University, on R/V “Yaquina,” March 16, 1970.

  4. Remarks: The holotype is USNM 741014, and additional paratypes are ANSP 335460, CASIZ 55392, 55393, LACM 1733, MCZ 272885, SDNHM 63705, 63706, and USNM 741015 (Marincovich, 1975: 170).

Chrysallida gubbiolii Peñas and Rolán, 1998: 22, figs. 58–60

  1. Paratype: AMNH 294233 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: 60 m, Luanda, Angola, Atlantic Ocean.

  3. Collector: Unknown.

  4. Remarks: ex Rolán Collection. The holotype is MNCN 15.05/31744, and additional paratypes are in MNHN and the collections of A. Peñas and E. Rolán (Peñas and Rolán, 1998: 22).

Chrysallida jordii Peñas and Rolán, 1998: 16–18, figs. 46–49

  1. Paratype: AMNH 294232 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: 10–25 m, Miamia, Ghana, Atlantic Ocean.

  3. Collector: Unknown.

  4. Remarks: ex Rolán Collection. The holotype is MNCN 15.05/31742, and additional paratypes are in MNHN and the collections of A. Peñas and E. Rolán (Peñas and Rolán, 1998: 16).

Chrysallida manonegra Peñas and Rolán, 1998: 10–12, figs. 22–30

  1. Paratype: AMNH 294232 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: Furna, Brava, Cape Verde Islands, Portugal, Atlantic Ocean.

  3. Collector: Unknown.

  4. Remarks: ex Rolán Collection. The holotype is MNCN 15.05/31740, and additional paratypes are in MNHN, USNM, and the collections of A. Peñas and E. Rolán (Peñas and Rolán, 1998: 10).

Chrysodomus pribiloffensis Dall, 1919: 323

  1. Paratype: AMNH 225199 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: Sta. 3554, 62 fathoms, off the Pribiloff Islands, Bering Sea, Alaska, United States, Pacific Ocean.

  3. Collector: U.S. Fish Commission Steamer “Albatross,” Oct. 26, 1990.

  4. Remarks: ex USNM. The holotype is USNM 225603 (Dall, 1919: 323); it was later figured by Dall (1925: 10, pl. 7, fig. 4) with the catalog number cited as USNM 224085.

Circumscapula iota C. Cate, 1979: 110, fig. 154

  1. Paratypes: AMNH 204636 (5 specimens).

  2. Locality: 18–21 m, approx. 111°00′N, 27°20′W, San Carlos Bay, Guaymas, Mexico, Pacific Ocean.

  3. Collector: L. Shy, Oct. 1966.

  4. Remarks: ex Cate Collection #3652. The holotype is LACM 1839 (C. Cate, 1979: 110).

Clathrodrillia (Carinodrillia) bicarinata Shasky, 1961: 21, pl. 4, fig. 10

  1. Paratypes: AMNH 221884 (5 specimens).

  2. Locality: 45–90 fathoms, 24°32′N, 110°26′W, between Isla Partida and Espiritu Santo Island, Baja California Sur, Mexico, Pacific Ocean.

  3. Collector: Ariel Expedition, Aug. 30, 1960.

  4. Remarks: ex DuShane Collection. The holotype is SU 8622, and additional paratypes are in the collections of J. Burch, G. Campbell, H. King, M. Rogers, T Schowalter, D. Shasky, and G. Sphon (Shasky, 1961: 21). This taxon is placed in the genus Compsodrillia Woodring, 1928 (Abbott, 1974: 277).

Cleopatra cara Pilsbry and Bequaert, 1927: 294, text fig. 53

  1. Holotype: AMNH 72102 (lost).

  2. Paratypes: AMNH 72103 (3 specimens).

  3. Locality: 00°30′N, 25°15′E, Stanleyville (= Kisangani), Belgian Congo (= Zaire = Democratic Republic of the Congo), Africa.

  4. Collector: H. Lang and J. Chapin, March 1915.

  5. Remarks: Pilsbry and Bequaert (1927: 294) did not specify the number of specimens they examined. Additional paratypes are MCZ 41015 (15 specimens; 9 ex AMNH 72103). AMNH 72102 was recorded as lost in July 1945. This taxon is provisionally placed in the genus Pseudogibbula Dautzenberg, 1890 (Brown, 1980: 83).

Cleopatra langi Pilbsry and Bequaert, 1927: 293–294, text figs. 51a–d, 52

  1. Holotype: AMNH 72099.

  2. Paratypes: AMNH 72100 (1 specimen), 72101 (1 specimen).

  3. Locality: 00°30′N, 25°15′E, Stanleyville (= Kisangani), Belgian Congo (= Zaire = Democratic Republic of the Congo), Africa.

  4. Collector: H. Lang and J. Chapin, March 1915.

  5. Remarks: Additional paratypes are MCZ 41016 (2 specimens).

Cocculina superba Clarke, 1960: 3, 2 unnumbered figs.

  1. Holotype: AMNH 213693.

  2. Locality: Sta. V-15–126, 3334 fathoms, 47°57.5′S, 48°03′W, Argentine Basin, approximately 800 mi east of Deseado, Argentina, Atlantic Ocean.

  3. Collector: R/V “Vema,” March 28, 1959.

  4. Remarks: ex LGO. The station was erroneously given by Clarke (1960: 3) as “210.” AMNH 213693 is the holotype by monotypy. Richards and Old (1969: 30) incorrectly cited the catalog number as “35126.”

Cochlespira elongata Simone, 1999: 105–111, figs. 1–2, 5, 7, 9, 11–22, 27

  1. Paratype: AMNH 292174 (1 specimen, alcohol).

  2. Locality: Sta. 5361, 320 m, 24°42′00″S, 44°30′05″W, Brazil, Atlantic Ocean.

  3. Collector: R/V “Prof. W. Besnard,” July 6, 1988.

  4. Remarks: ex MZUSP 28121. The holotype is MZUSP 28110, and additional paratypes are MNRJ 7161, MORG 32290, MZUSP 28111–28118, 28121, and USNM 886325 (Simone, 1999: 105).

Cochliolepis reductus Rolán and Rubio, 1990: 181–186, fig. 7

  1. Paratype: AMNH 294235 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: Bahía de Santo Antonio, Isle de Principe, Republic of São Tomé and Principe, Atlantic Ocean.

  3. Collector: Unknown.

  4. Remarks: ex Rolán Collection. The holotype is MNCN 15.05/1113, and additional paratypes are in BMNH and the collections of F. Fernandes, E. Rolán, and F. Rubio (Rolán and Rubio, 1990: 183).

Columbella mercatoria “var.” elongata Usticke, 1959: 65

  1. Lectotype: AMNH 195429.

  2. Paralectotype: AMNH 294360 (1 specimen).

  3. Locality: Lime Tree Bay, St. Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands, Atlantic Ocean.

  4. Collector: Unknown.

  5. Remarks: ex Usticke Collection #720 (AMNH 195429) and Schwartz Collection (AMNH 294360). Although Usticke (1959: 65) cited this taxon as a “var.,” he first listed it (1959: vi) as “Columbella mercatoria elongata” under the heading “new species and subspecies.” We consider this taxon to have been subspecifically described. Because Usticke (1959) did not figure or designate a holotype, we herein select the specimen figured by Usticke (1971: pl. 2, fig. 720) as lectotype to fix the identity of this poorly defined taxon. The repository of additional paralectotypes is unknown; their existence is indicated by Usticke's (1959: 65) given size range for the taxon of 15–20 mm length. Usticke (1959: 65) also called this taxon “Pyrene mercatoria elongata,” for reasons unknown. This taxon is a synonym of C. mercatoria (Linnaeus, 1758) (Faber, 1988: 79).

Columbella socorroensis Shasky, 1970: 194, fig. 9

  1. Paratype: AMNH 179308 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: 2 m, 18°42′45″N, 110°56′50″W, Braithwaite Bay, Socorro Island, Revillagigedo Islands, Mexico, Pacific Ocean.

  3. Collector: D. Shasky, Aug. 11, 1965.

  4. Remarks: ex Shasky Collection. The holotype is LACM 1418, and additional paratypes are in CASIZ, SDNHM, USNM, and the collection of D. Shasky (Shasky, 1970: 194).

Comitas ilariae Bozzetti, 1991: 26–27, figs. 1–3

  1. Paratype: AMNH 239708 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: 100–150 m, Bohol, Philippines, Pacific Ocean.

  3. Collector: Fishermen, Feb. 1990.

  4. Remarks: ex Bozzetti Collection (paratype C). The holotype is in MNHN, and additional paratypes are in the collections of L. Bozzetti, M. Ferrario, K. Nicolay, and M. Prati (Bozzetti, 1991: 28).

Compsodrilla olssoni McLean and Poorman, 1971: 103, fig. 32

  1. Paratype: AMNH 164609 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: 8–10 fathoms, 02°8′20″S, 81°00′15″W, Santa Elena Bay, Ecuador, Pacific Ocean.

  3. Collector: R/V “Velero III,” Feb. 9, 1934.

  4. Remarks: The holotype is LACM 1519, and additional paratypes are LACM 1520 and in ANSP, CASIZ, and USNM (McLean and Poorman, 1971: 103).

Conus alconnelli da Motta, 1986b: 5, figs. 2a–b

  1. Paratype: AMNH 222018 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: 78 fathoms, off Park Rynie, South Africa, Indian Ocean.

  3. Collector: A. Connell, Aug. 1981.

  4. Remarks: The holotype is MHNG 986.543, and additional paratypes are in the collection of A. da Motta (da Motta, 1986b: 6). This taxon is a synonym of C. martensi E. A. Smith, 1884 (Röckel et al., 1995: 173).

Conus antoniomonteiroi Rolán, 1990: 47–48, pl. 1, fig. 16; pl. 2, fig. 16; pl. 3, fig. e; pl. 6, fig. e; pl. 8, fig. e

  1. Paratype: AMNH 245404 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: 1 m, Parda, Sal Island, Cape Verde Islands, Portugal, Atlantic Ocean.

  3. Collector: E. Rolán.

  4. Remarks: ex Rolán Collection. The holotype is MCNM 15.05–1100, and additional paratypes are in BMNH, CZL, MIST, MNHN, ZMA, and the collections of F. Fernandes, A. Monteiro, D. Röckel, and E. Rolán (Rolán, 1990: 48).

Conus asiaticus da Motta, 1985d: 25, unnumbered fig

  1. Paratype: AMNH 213525 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: Nha Trang, Vietnam, Pacific Ocean.

  3. Collector: Unknown.

  4. Remarks: ex A. da Motta. AMNH 213525 is da Motta's (1985d: 25) paratype #2. The holotype is MHNG 984.599, and the additional 5 paratypes are MHNG 984.600 and in the collection of A. da Motta (da Motta, 1985d: 25).

Conus auratinus da Motta, 1982: 2–3, fig. 2

  1. Paratype: AMNH 213501 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: Fakarava Island, Tuamoto Archipelago, French Polynesia, Pacific Ocean.

  3. Collector: Unknown.

  4. Remarks: ex A. da Motta. AMNH 213501 is da Motta's (1982: 3) paratype #1. The holotype is MHNG 982.118, and the additional paratype is in the collection of A. da Motta (da Motta, 1982: 3).

Conus bajanensis Usticke, 1968: 28–29, pl. 4, fig. 1020

  1. Holotype: AMNH 195451.

  2. Locality: South of Barbados, Atlantic Ocean.

  3. Collector: “Bajan shrimpers.”

  4. Remarks: ex Usticke Collection #1020. Usticke (1968: 28–29) had only a single specimen of this species, and AMNH 195451 is therefore the holotype by monotypy. This taxon is a either a subspecies of C. armiger Crosse, 1858 (Coomans et al., 1982: 7) or a valid taxon (Vink, 1988: 10–11).

Conus bertarolae Costa and Simone, 1998: 4–6, figs. 1–20

  1. Paratype: AMNH 294224 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: 1–2 m, sea mount off Alcobaqa, Bahia State, Brazil, Atlantic Ocean.

  3. Collector: A. Bodart.

  4. Remarks: The holotype is MORG 39.007, and additional paratypes are in ANSP, IBUFRJ, MNHN, MNRJ, MZSP, USNM, the Cargile Collection, and the collection of J. Coltro (Costa and Simone, 1998: 4).

Conus biraghii congruens Korn and Raybaudi Massilia, 1993: 33–35, figs. 3 [p. 32], 1a–c [p. 33], 3rd fig. from left [p. 34], 6 [p. 38], 3 [p. 39], 3 [p. 40]

  1. Paratype: AMNH 226498 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: Gulf of Aden, Somalia, Indian Ocean.

  3. Collector: Fishermen, Dec. 1992.

  4. Remarks: The holotype is SMNS ZI 8843, and additional paratypes are in ZMA and the collections of M. Angioy, G. Biraghi, W. Korn, L. Luisi, G. Raybaudi Massilia, and D. Röckel (Korn and Raybaudi Massilia, 1993: 35). This taxon is a synonym of C. biraghii (Raybaudi Massilia, 1992) (Röckel et al., 1995: 50).

Conus bitleri da Motta, 1984a: 24, figs. 1a–b

  1. Paratypes: AMNH 213504 (1 specimen), 213572 (1 specimen), 213655 (1 specimen), 223496 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: Baliungan Island, Tawi Tawi Group, Philippines, Pacific Ocean.

  3. Collector: “Native divers.”

  4. Remarks: ex A. da Motta (AMNH 213504) and W. Bitler (AMNH 213572, 213655, 223496). AMNH 213504 is da Motta's (1984a: 24) paratype #9; AMNH 213572 is da Motta's (1984a: 24) paratype #3; AMNH 213655 is da Motta's (1984a: 24) paratype #5; AMNH 223496 is da Motta's (1984a: 24) paratype #1. The holotype is MHNG 983.574, and the additional 6 paratypes are in the collection of A. da Motta (da Motta, 1984a: 24). This taxon is a synonym of C. cordigera Sowerby II, 1866 (Röckel et al., 1995: 187).

Conus boavistensis Rolán and Fernandes in Rolán, 1990: 23–25, pl. 1, fig. 17; pl. 2, fig. 17; pl. 4, fig. k; pl. 7, fig. i

  1. Paratype: AMNH 245396 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: 1 m, Bahia Teodora, Boavista Island, Cape Verde Islands, Portugal, Atlantic Ocean.

  3. Collector: E. Rolán.

  4. Remarks: ex Rolán Collection. The holotype is MCNM 15.05–1089, and additional paratypes are in BMNH, CZL, MIST, MNHN, ZMA, and the collections of F. Fernandes, A. Monteiro, D. Röckel, and E. Rolán (Rolán, 1990: 24).

Conus bondarevi Röckel and Raybaudi, 1992: 25–26, unnumbered fig. on p. 25, figs. 1–5, 9

  1. Paratype: AMNH 226452 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: 150 m, off northern coast of Somalia, Indian Ocean.

  3. Collector: Unknown.

  4. Remarks: The holotype is in SMNS, and additional paratypes are in MHNG and the collections of L. Bozzetti, G. Raybaudi, and D. Röckel (Röckel and Raybaudi, 1992: 26).

Conus (Dauciconus) boui da Motta, 1988: 41, figs. a–c

  1. Paratype: AMNH 236975 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: 25 m, off coast of St. Pierre, Martinique, Atlantic Ocean.

  3. Collector: P. Bou.

  4. Remarks: The holotype is MHNG 988.105, and additional paratypes are in MNHN and the collection of A. da Motta (da Motta, 1988: 42).

Conus bozzettii Lauer, 1991: 33–34, figs. 1–6, 9, 11–12

  1. Paratype: AMNH 252830 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: 150–200 m, off Cape Ras Hafun, Somalia, Indian Ocean.

  3. Collector: Unknown.

  4. Remarks: ex Bozzetti Collection (paratype #4). The holotype is in MNHN, and additional paratypes are in MNHN, NM, and the collections of L. Bozzetti and J. Lauer (Lauer, 1991: 34).

Conus cailliaudii Jay, 1848: 169, pl. 10, figs. 8a–b.

  1. Syntype(s): None in AMNH.

  2. Locality: ”?” (Jay, 1848: 169).

  3. Collector: Unknown.

  4. Remarks: As part of the Jay Collection, these specimen(s) should have been deposited in AMNH. However, there are no type specimens (Jay, 1850: #10449) of this species in the collections of AMNH; their repository is unknown. This taxon is a synonym of C. ventricosus Gmelin, 1791 (Walls, 1979: 927).

Conus caribbaeus “var.” circumpunctatus Usticke, 1968: 15, pl. 2, fig. 1002

  1. Lectotype: AMNH 195446.

  2. Locality: Anguilla, Atlantic Ocean.

  3. Collector: Unknown.

  4. Remarks: ex Usticke Collection #1002. Usticke (1971: 18) stated that one specimen (now AMNH 195446) was the holotype. Because Usticke (1968: 15) did not designate a holotype, Usticke's (1971) action constituted a lectotype designation. Usticke (1968: 15) referred to this taxon as a variety, although he (1968: 15) used the term “n[ew] s[ub] sp[ecies]” after the species name and used the name subspecifically in the plate caption. We consider this taxon to be subspecific and Usticke's (1971) inadvertent lectotype selection to be valid. Coomans et al. (1985: 230) also selected AMNH 195446 as lectotype, but Usticke's (1971) designation has priority. Usticke (1969: 22) erroneously listed this subspecies as new from that paper. The repository of the paralectotypes is unknown; their existence is indicated by Usticke's (1968: 15) given size range for the taxon of 32–35 mm length. This taxon is a color form of C. daucus Hwass, 1792 (Coomans et al., 1985: 230).

Conus centurio “form” caribaensis Usticke, 1968: 13, pl. 2, fig. 998

  1. Lectotype: AMNH 195445.

  2. Locality: Krause's Bay, St. Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands, Atlantic Ocean.

  3. Collector: Unknown.

  4. Remarks: ex Usticke Collection #998. We herein select Usticke's (1968: pl. 2, fig. 998) figured specimen as lectotype to fix the identity of this poorly defined taxon. Although Usticke (1969) referred to this taxon as a form, he (1968: 13) used the term “n[ew] s[ub] sp[ecies]” after the species name and used the name subspecifically in the plate caption. We consider this taxon to have been subspecifically described and our lectotype selection to be valid. Usticke (1969: 22) erroneously listed this subspecies as new from that paper. Coomans et al. (1983: 90–91) stated that this taxon could not be subspecific because “it is sympatric with the nominal form.” This biologically based rationale has no implications for the validity of the taxon name from a nomenclatural perspective and cannot be used to invalidate the name. The repository of the paralectotypes is unknown; their existence is indicated by Usticke's (1968: 13) given size range for the taxon of 30–40 mm length. This taxon is a synonym of C. centurio Born, 1778 (Coomans et al., 1983: 91).

Conus centurio “form” cruzensis Usticke, 1968: 12–13, pl. 2, figs. 997[a], 997[b]

  1. Lectotype: AMNH 195444.

  2. Paralectotype: AMNH 189729a (1 specimen).

  3. Locality: Ham Bay, St. Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands, Atlantic Ocean.

  4. Collector: Unknown.

  5. Remarks: ex Usticke Collection #997. Usticke (1971: 18) stated that one specimen (now AMNH 195444) was the holotype. Because Usticke (1968: 12–13) did not designate a holotype, Usticke's (1971) action constituted a lectotype designation. Usticke (1968, 1969, 1971) never referred to this taxon other than as a form of C. centurio Born, 1778, in the text, although he (1968: 12) used the term “n[ew] s[ub] sp[ecies]” after the species name and used the name subspecifically in the plate caption. We consider this taxon to have been subspecifically described and Usticke's (1971) inadvertent lectotype selection to be valid. Coomans et al. (1985: 279–280) also selected AMNH 195444 as lectotype, but Usticke's designation has priority. Usticke (1969: 22) erroneously listed this subspecies as new from that paper. The repository of additional paralectotypes (if any) is unknown; their existence is indicated by Usticke's (1968: 12) given size range for the taxon of 30–40 mm length. This taxon is a synonym of C. centurio Born, 1778 (Coomans et al., 1985: 280).

Conus cernohorskyi da Motta, 1983: 2–3, figs. 9–13

  1. Paratype: AMNH 213493 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: Near Borogon, Samar Oriental, Philippines, Pacific Ocean.

  3. Collector: “Native divers.”

  4. Remarks: ex A. da Motta. AMNH 213493 is da Motta's (1983: 2) paratype #6. The holotype is MHNG 983.110, and the additional 16 paratypes are MHNG 983.111–983.113 and in the collection of A. da Motta (da Motta, 1983: 2). This taxon is a synonym of C. magnus Linnaeus, 1758 (Röckel et al., 1995: 121).

Conus ciderryi da Motta, 1985a: 4–5, pl. 1, figs. 3a–b

  1. Paratype: AMNH 213498 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: Strait of Taiwan, Taiwan, Pacific Ocean.

  3. Collector: Unknown.

  4. Remarks: ex A. da Motta. AMNH 213498 is da Motta's (1985a: 4) paratype #2. The holotype is MHNG 984.636, and the additional 2 paratypes are in the collection of A. da Motta (da Motta, 1985a: 4).

Conus crosseanus Bernardi, 1861: 168–169, pl. 6, figs. “3–4” [in text; actually figs. 5–6]

  1. Paralectotype: AMNH 46865 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: New Caledonia, Pacific Ocean.

  3. Collector: Unknown.

  4. Remarks: ex Mr. Thomas of Brest via Constable Collection (see Coomans et al., 1985: 277). The lectotype (BMNH) was selected and figured by Coomans et al. (1985: 277, fig. 561). AMNH 46865 is the specimen figured by Bernardi (1861: pl. 6, fig. 5) and Coomans et al. (1985: fig. 562). This taxon is a synonym of C. marmoreus Linnaeus, 1758 (Röckel et al., 1995: 41).

Conus curralensis Rolán, 1986: 10–13, figs. 1b, 2d, 3d, 4d, 5b, 6b, 6d–e

  1. Paratype: AMNH 238700 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: Santa Luzia Island, Curral Bay, Cape Verde Islands, Portugal, Atlantic Ocean.

  3. Collector: F. Fernandes.

  4. Remarks: ex Rolán Collection #16727. The holotype is MNCN 11–91–1010, and additional paratypes are CZL G-1502 and in BMNH, MNCN, MNHN, the Museo de Cabo Verde, the Museo Galego do Mar de Vigo, and the collections of M. Garrido, J. Messias, A. Monteiro, I. Navarro, A. Ramalho, D. Röckel, E. Rolán, and H. Trovão (Rolán, 1986: 11).

Conus derrubado Rolán and Fernandes in Rolán, 1990: 19–21, pl. 1, fig. 4; pl. 2, fig. 4; pl. 4, fig. i; pl. 6, fig. f; pl. 8, fig. h

  1. Paratype: AMNH 245394 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: 1 m, Derrubado, Boavista Island, Cape Verde Islands, Portugal, Atlantic Ocean.

  3. Collector: E. Rolán.

  4. Remarks: ex Rolán Collection. The holotype is MCNM 15.05–1087, and additional paratypes are in BMNH, CZL, MIST, MNHN, ZMA, and the collections of F. Fernandes, A. Monteiro, D. Röckel, and E. Rolán (Rolán, 1990: 20).

Conus diminutus Trovão and Rolán, 1986: 10–14, figs. 3 a–c

  1. Paratypes: AMNH 222921 (2 specimens).

  2. Locality: Sal Rei Bay, Boa Vista Island, Cape Verde Islands, Portugal, Atlantic Ocean.

  3. Collector: E. Rolán, 1985.

  4. Remarks: ex Rolán Collection. The holotype is in MNCN, and additional paratypes are MNCN 11–91–1011, 11/91/1012, and in the Museu Nacional de História Natural Universidade de Lisboa (Lisbon, Portugal), CPAS Lisbon, the Museu de Cabo Verde, BMNH, CZL, MNHN, NHMV, USNM, ZMA, and the collections of J. Borges, A. da Motta, M. de Lanoy Meijer, G. Dionis, I. Felix Alves, C. Fernandes, F. Fernandes, M. Garrido, R. Gomez, J. Messias, A. Monteiro, I. Navarro, J. Otero-Schmitt, A. Ramalho, D. Röckel, E. Rolán, G. Soares, H. Trovão, and T. Whitehead (Trovão and Rolán, 1986: 11–12).

Conus emersoni Hanna, 1963: 25, pl. 1, fig. 2

  1. Holotype: AMNH 105211.

  2. Locality: 300 fathoms, off Los Frailes, Cape San Lucas, Baja California Sur, Mexico, Pacific Ocean.

  3. Collector: Scipps Institution of Oceanography.

  4. Remarks: Additional paratypes are in CASIZ (Hanna, 1963: 25).

Conus eversoni Petuch, 1987: 74, pl. 10, figs. 12–14

  1. Paratype: AMNH 237981 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: 40 ft, Utila Bay Islands, Honduras, Atlantic Ocean.

  3. Collector: K. Sunderland.

  4. Remarks: ex Sunderland Collection. The holotype is USNM 859878. An additional paratype is in the collection of W. Harland (Petuch, 1987: 74).

Conus evorai Monteiro, Fernandes, and Rolán, 1995: 8–12, figs. 2–3 + 4 unnumbered text figs

  1. Paratype: AMNH 275361 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: Praia Zeburaca, Boavista Island, Cape Verde Islands, Portugal, Atlantic Ocean.

  3. Collector: Unknown.

  4. Remarks: ex Rolán Collection. The holotype is MNCN 15.05/1858, and additional paratypes are in BMNH, MNHN, SMNS, and the collections of J. Evora, C. Fernandes, R. Filmer, A. Monteiro, A. Ramalho, G. Raybaudi, E. Rolán, J. Rosado, R. Silva, and H. Trovão (Monteiro et al., 1995: 10).

Conus explorator Vink, 1990a: 42–44, figs. 2 (right), 4 (right), 38, unnumbered fig. on p. 40

  1. Paratype: AMNH 232146 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: 14 m, Discovery Bay, Jamaica, Atlantic Ocean.

  3. Collector: D. Vink, July 1983.

  4. Remarks: The holotype is in MHNG. Additional paratypes are in RMNH and the collection of D. Vink (Vink, 1990a: 42).

Conus felitae Rolán, 1990, 45–47: pl. 1, fig. 18; pl. 2, fig. 18; pl. 3, fig. b; pl. 6, fig. d; pl. 8, fig. c

  1. Paratype: AMNH 245403 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: 1 m, Rabo de Junco, Mordeira, Sal Island, Cape Verde Islands, Portugal, Atlantic Ocean.

  3. Collector: E. Rolán.

  4. Remarks: ex Rolán Collection. The holotype is MCNM 15.05–1099, and additional paratypes are in BMNH, CZL, MNHN, ZMA, and the collections of F. Fernandes, A. Monteiro, D. Röckel, and E. Rolán (Rolán, 1990: 46).

Conus filmeri Rolán and Röckel, 2000: 35–36, figs. 77–80

  1. Paratype: AMNH 297917 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: 1–3 m, Saco Mar, Angola, Atlantic Ocean.

  3. Collector: Unknown.

  4. Remarks: The holotype is SMNS ZI 30493, and additional paratypes are in BMNH, MNHN, USNM, and the collections of M. Filmer, G. R. Massilia, D. Röckel, E. Rolán, and P. Ryall (Rolán and Röckel, 2000: 36).

Conus flavusalbus Rolán and Röckel, 2000: 38–39, figs. 92–96

  1. Paratype: AMNH 297918 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: 1–3 m, Pipas Bay, Angola, Atlantic Ocean.

  3. Collector: Unknown.

  4. Remarks: The holotype is MNCN 15.05/39753, and additional paratypes are in BMNH, MNHN, SMNS, USNM, and the collections of M. Filmer, G. R. Massilia, D. Röckel, E. Rolán, and P. Ryall (Rolán and Röckel, 2000: 38).

Conus fontonae Rolán and Trovão in Rolán, 1990: 28–31, pl. 1, fig. 10; pl. 2, fig. 10; pl. 3, fig. 3; pl. 6, fig. c; pl. 8, fig. b

  1. Paratype: AMNH 245398 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: 1 m, Bahia de Fontona, Sal Island, Cape Verde Islands, Portugal, Atlantic Ocean.

  3. Collector: E. Rolán.

  4. Remarks: ex Rolán Collection. The holotype is MCNM 15.05–1091, and additional paratypes are in BMNH, CZL, MIST, MNHN, ZMA, and the collections of F. Fernandes, A. Monteiro, D. Röckel, E. Rolán, and H. Trovão (Rolán, 1990: 29).

Conus franciscoi Rolán and Röckel, 2000: 36–37, figs. 82–86

  1. Paratype: AMNH 297916 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: 1–3 m, Chapeu Armado, Angola, Atlantic Ocean.

  3. Collector: Unknown.

  4. Remarks: The holotype is MNCN 15.05/39751, and additional paratypes are in BMNH, SMNS, USNM, and the collections of M. Filmer, G. R. Massilia, D. Röckel, E. Rolán, and P. Ryall (Rolán and Röckel, 2000: 36).

Conus fulvobullatus da Motta, 1982: 13–14, fig. 12

  1. Paratype: AMNH 213505 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: 200 m, Balut Island, Mindanao, Philippines, Pacific Ocean.

  3. Collector: “Natives.”

  4. Remarks: ex A. da Motta. AMNH 213505 is da Motta's (1982: 14) paratype #1. The holotype is MHNG 982.114 and the additional paratype is in the collection of A. da Motta (da Motta, 1982: 14). This taxon is a synonym of C. magnus Linnaeus, 1758 (Röckel et al., 1995: 121).

Conus gabrielae Rolán and Röckel, 2000: 33–34, figs. 67–71

  1. Paratype: AMNH 297914 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: 1–3 m, Chapeu Armado, Angola, Atlantic Ocean.

  3. Collector: Unknown.

  4. Remarks: The holotype is MNCN 15.05/39748, and additional paratypes are in BMNH, MNHN, SMNS, USNM, and the collections of M. Filmer, G. R. Massilia, D. Röckel, E. Rolán, and P. Ryall (Rolán and Röckel, 2000: 33).

Conus garciai da Motta, 1982: 18–19, fig. 17

  1. Paratypes: AMNH 206095 (2 specimens), 206096 (2 specimens).

  2. Locality: 150 ft, off Caratasca Key (AMNH 206095), 120 ft, off Punta Patuca (AMNH 206096), Honduras, Atlantic Ocean.

  3. Collector: E. F. Garcia.

  4. Remarks: ex A. da Motta. AMNH 206095 is da Motta's (1982: 18) paratypes #1 and #4; AMNH 206096 is da Motta's (1982: 18) paratypes #2 and #5. The holotype is MHNG 982.528, and the additional paratype is in the collection of A. da Motta (da Motta, 1982: 18).

Conus gracianus da Motta and Blöcher in da Motta, 1982: 16–17, fig. 15

  1. Paratype: AMNH 213490 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: Grand Recif, Tulear, Madagascar, Indian Ocean.

  3. Collector: Unknown.

  4. Remarks: ex A. da Motta. AMNH 213490 is da Motta's (1982: 16) paratype #4. Although this taxon was not explicitly identified as “sp. nov.” by da Motta and Blöcher in da Motta (1982), that paper is the source of description for this taxon as evidenced by the reference to “the new species” on p. 17. The holotype is MHNG 982.112, and the additional 5 paratypes are in the collection of A. da Motta (da Motta, 1982: 16). This taxon is a synonym of C. aulicus Linnaeus, 1758 (Röckel et al., 1995: 287).

Conus gradatus thaanumi Schwengel, 1955: 15, pl. 2, figs. 12–13

  1. Syntype: AMNH 152392 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: Bahia Salinas, Costa Rica, Pacific Ocean.

  3. Collector: T. Dranga, 1954.

  4. Remarks: ex H. Geib Collection. This taxon is a synonym of C. regularis Sowerby, 1833 (Keen, 1871: 665).

Conus halli da Motta, 1983: 3–6, figs. 1–8

  1. Paratype: AMNH 213523 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: Pasir Putih, about 180 km east of Surabaya, Java, Pacific Ocean.

  3. Collector: Unknown.

  4. Remarks: ex A. da Motta. AMNH 213523 is da Motta's (1983: 5) paratype #7. The holotype is MHNG 983.103, and the additional 17 paratypes are MHNG 983.104–983.109 and in the collection of A. da Motta (da Motta, 1983: 5). This taxon is a synonym of C. hyaena Hwass in Bruguière, 1792 (Röckel et al., 1995: 98).

Conus harlandi Petuch, 1987: 74–75, pl. 12, figs. 9–12

  1. Paratypes: AMNH 222919 (4 specimens), 253614 (1 specimen), 259699 (2 specimens).

  2. Locality: 30–40 feet in sand (AMNH 253614), Utila Island, Bay Islands, Honduras, Atlantic Ocean.

  3. Collector: W. Harland, Nov. 1986 (AMNH 222919); K. Sunderland (AMNH 253614); unknown, Nov. 1986 (AMNH 259699).

  4. Remarks: ex Harland Collection (AMNH 222919), Sunderland Collection via Johnson Collection (AMNH 253164), and Sunderland Collection via Fleischner Collection (AMNH 259699). The holotype is USNM 859883, and additional paratypes are USNM 859907 and in the collections of W. Harland, R. Kremer, and K. Sunderland (Petuch, 1987: 74).

Conus havanensis Aguayo and Farfante, 1947: 11, fig. 1

  1. Paratypes: AMNH 186415 (1 specimen), 259702 (2 specimens).

  2. Locality: “La Puntilla,” La Chorrera, La Habana, Cuba, Atlantic Ocean.

  3. Collector: C. G. Aguayo and/or M. L. Jaume.

  4. Remarks: ex SDMNH via Cate Collection (AMNH 186415) and ex J. Donovan via Eddison Collection (AMNH 259702). The holotype is MPUH 12133, and additional paratypes are MPUH 175241 (Aguayo and Farfante, 1947: 11). Because Aguayo freely distributed paratype material to other institutions and individuals, and the locality data are the same as for the type series, we consider the AMNH specimens as paratypes. However, it should be noted that some ex MPUH land snail specimens labeled as “paratypes” in American museums are not such, but were distributed from MPUH with invalid type designations (see Boyko and Rosenberg, 1999). This taxon is a synonym of C. jaspideus Gmelin, 1791 (Abbott, 1974: 256).

Conus hereditarius da Motta, 1987a: 27, 2 unnumbered figs

  1. Paratype: AMNH 222929 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: 40–80 ft, Raya Island, Thailand, Pacific Ocean.

  3. Collector: “Native divers.”

  4. Remarks: The holotype is MHNG 987.107, and additional paratypes are in the collection of A. da Motta (da Motta, 1987a: 27). This taxon is a synonym of C. ammiralis Linnaeus, 1758 (Röckel et al., 1995: 180).

Conus holemani Usticke, 1968: 21–22, pl. 3, fig. 1011

  1. Lectotype: AMNH 195450.

  2. Locality: St. Vincent, Atlantic Ocean.

  3. Collector: J. Holeman.

  4. Remarks: ex Usticke Collection #1011. Usticke (1971: 20) stated that this specimen was the holotype. Because Usticke (1968: 21–22) did not designate a holotype, his 1971 action constituted a lectotype designation. Usticke (1969: 25) erroneously listed this subspecies as new from that paper. The repository of the paralectotypes is unknown; their existence is indicated by Usticke's (1968: 21) given size range for the taxon of 60–65 mm length. This taxon is a synonym of C. cedonulli Linnaeus, 1758 (Faber, 1988: 81).

Conus (Profundiconus) ikedai Ninomiya, 1987a: 7–12, pl. 1, figs. 1–4; pl. 2, figs. 5–6

  1. Paratype: AMNH 221813 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: 300 m, off Hayana, Sagami Bay, Japan, Pacific Ocean.

  3. Collector: Unknown.

  4. Remarks: The holotype is NSMT 64118, and additional paratypes are NSMT 64119 and in the collection of T. Ninomiya (Ninomiya, 1987a: 8).

Conus infinitus Rolán, 1990, 39–41: pl. 1, fig. 12; pl. 2, fig. 12; pl. 5, fig. p; pl. 7, fig. m; pl. 8, fig. i

  1. Paratype: AMNH 245400 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: 1 m, Bahia de Pau Seco, Maio Island, Cape Verde Islands, Portugal, Atlantic Ocean.

  3. Collector: E. Rolán.

  4. Remarks: ex Rolán Collection. The holotype is MCNM 15.05–1095, and additional paratypes are in BMNH, CZL, MIST, MNHN, ZMA, and the collections of F. Fernandes, A. Monteiro, D. Röckel, and E. Rolán (Rolán, 1990: 40).

Conus jaspideus branhamae Clench, 1953a: 364–365, pl. 181, fig. 2

  1. Holotype: AMNH 166926.

  2. Locality: Green Turtle Cay, Great Abaco, Bahamas, Atlantic Ocean.

  3. Collector: Unknown.

  4. Remarks: ex Branham Collection. AMNH 166926 is the holotype by monotypy. This taxon is a synonym of C. jaspideus Gmelin, 1791 (Abbott, 1974: 256).

Conus kalafuti da Motta, 1987c: 42, pl. 1, figs. a–b

  1. Paratype: AMNH 225977 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: Northwest Roatan Island, off Honduras, Atlantic Ocean.

  3. Collector: T. Kalafut.

  4. Remarks: The holotype is MHNG 987.111, and additional paratypes are in the collections of A. da Motta and T. Kalafut (da Motta, 1987c: 42).

Conus karinae Usticke, 1968: 9, pl. 2, fig. 992

  1. Lectotype: AMNH 195442.

  2. Locality: North of Fredericksted, St. Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands, Atlantic Ocean.

  3. Collector: G. W. N. Usticke.

  4. Remarks: ex Usticke Collection #992. Usticke (1971: 17) stated that this specimen was the holotype. Because Usticke (1968: 9) did not designate a holotype, his 1971 action constituted a lectotype designation. Usticke (1969: 21) erroneously listed this species as new from that paper. The repository of the paralectotypes is unknown; their existence is indicated by Usticke's (1968: 9) given size range for the taxon of 20–34 mm length. This taxon is a form of C. mindanus Hwass, 1792 (Coomans et al., 1979: 89).

Conus kermadecensis Iredale, 1912: 227, pl. 9, figs. 15–16

  1. Paratype: AMNH 101810 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: Meyer (= Sunday) Island, Kermadec Islands, New Zealand, Pacific Ocean.

  3. Collector: T. Iredale, 1908.

  4. Remarks: ex Powell Collection. The holotype is in CMNZ, and additional paratypes are in AM (Iredale, 1912: 228). This taxon is a synonym of C. lischkeanus Weinkauff, 1875 (Röckel et al., 1995: 138).

Conus kerstitchi Walls, 1978: 2–3, unnumbered fig. on p. 6

  1. Paratype: AMNH 220848 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: 250 ft, Sheppard's Rock, Cabo San Lucas, Baja California Sur, Mexico, Pacific Ocean.

  3. Collector: A. Kerstitch, July 22, 1972.

  4. Remarks: ex Kerstitch Collection via Vaught Collection. The holotype is in DMNH, and additional paratypes are in the collections of M. Cunningham and A. Kerstitch (Walls, 1978: 2).

Conus kongaensis da Motta, 1984b: 8–9, 2 unnumbered figs

  1. Paratype: AMNH 213499 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: Konga Island, off Larantuka, southeast Flores, Indonesia, Pacific Ocean.

  3. Collector: Unknown.

  4. Remarks: ex A. da Motta. AMNH 213499 is da Motta's (1984b: 8) paratype #2. The holotype is MHNG 984.123, and the additional 7 paratypes are MHNG 984.124 and in the collection of A. da Motta (da Motta, 1984b: 8). This taxon is a synonym of C. wittigi Walls, 1977 (Röckel et al., 1995: 193).

Conus (Leptoconus) korni Raybaudi, 1993a: 24, figs. 1–5, 14–16, 19

  1. Paratype: AMNH 232523 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: Gulf of Aden, Somalia, Indian Ocean.

  3. Collector: Fishermen, Dec. 1982.

  4. Remarks: The holotype is SMNS ZI8844, and additional paratypes are in NMC, ZMA, and the collections of K. and M. Angioy, T. Baer, L. Bozzetti, W. Korn, L. Luisi, G. Raybaudi Massilia, D. Röckel, and E. Rolán (Raybaudi, 1993a: 24).

Conus leobrerai da Motta and Martin, 1982: 3, fig. 2

  1. Paratype: AMNH 213500 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: 20–40 fathoms, Visayan Sea, between Malapascua and Bantayan Islands, Philippines, Pacific Ocean.

  3. Collector: Unknown.

  4. Remarks: ex A. da Motta. AMNH 213500 is da Motta and Martin's (1982: 3) paratype #2. The holotype is MHNG 982.729, and the additional 3 paratypes are in the collection of A. da Motta (da Motta and Martin, 1982: 3).

Conus lienardi Bernardi and Crosse, 1861: 49–50, pl. 1, fig. 2

  1. Syntype: AMNH 47629 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: New Caledonia, Pacific Ocean.

  3. Collector: Unknown.

  4. Remarks: ex Liénard Collection via Constable Collection. This specimen matches the dimensions (45 × 18 mm) given by Bernardi and Crosse (1861: 49) and is the basis of the original figure (fig. 7 herein). The other syntype is in BMNH (Röckel et al., 1995: 111).

Conus (Asprella) lovellreevei Raybaudi, 1993b: 3, pl. 1, figs. 4–5

  1. Paratype: AMNH 232522 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: Madras, India, Indian Ocean.

  3. Collector: Unknown.

  4. Remarks: The holotype is BMNH 1993025, and additional paratypes are in NMC, SMNS, and the collections of G. Biraghi, A. Delsaerdt, W. Korn, G. Raybaudi, D. Röckel, and the Mostra Mondiale Malacologia, Cupra, Italy (Raybaudi, 1993b: 3). This taxon is a synonym of C. asiaticus da Motta, 1985 (Röckel et al., 1995: 226).

Conus luquei Rolán and Trovão in Rolán, 1990: 50–52, pl. 1, fig. 2; pl. 2, fig. 2; pl. 4, fig. g

  1. Paratype: AMNH 245406 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: 3 m, Bahia de Gata, Boavista Island, Cape Verde Islands, Portugal, Atlantic Ocean.

  3. Collector: E. Rolán.

  4. Remarks: ex Rolán Collection. The holotype is MCNM 15.05–1102, and additional paratypes are in BMNH, CZL, MIST, MNHN, ZMA, and the collections of F. Fernandes, A. Monteiro, D. Röckel, and E. Rolán (Rolán, 1990: 51).

Conus maculospira bangladeshianus da Motta, 1985a: 6–7, pl. 1, figs. 5a–b, 6a–b

  1. Paratype: AMNH 213488 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: Bay of Bengal, off Bangladesh, Indian Ocean.

  3. Collector: Unknown.

  4. Remarks: ex A. da Motta. AMNH 213488 is da Motta's (1985a: 7) paratype #3. The holotype is MHNG 984.595, and the additional 6 paratypes are MHNG 984.596 and in the collection of A. da Motta (da Motta, 1985a: 7). This taxon is a synonym of C. inscriptus Reeve, 1843 (Röckel et al., 1995: 194).

Conus maioensis Trovão, Rolán, and Félix-Alves, 1990: 71–75, figs. 2–3, 5, 7, 9, 11

  1. Paratypes: AMNH 226439 (1 specimen), 264674 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: Baía do Navio Quebrado, Maio Island, Cape Verde Islands, Portugal, Atlantic Ocean.

  3. Collector: E. Rolán.

  4. Remarks: ex Rolán Collection (AMNH 226439) and Bendersky Collection (AMNH 264674). The holotype is Museu Nacional de História Natural Universidade de Lisboa (Lisbon, Portugal) 15459, and additional paratypes are BMNH 1986153, MNCN 11/19/1012, and in ANSP, MNHN, and the collections of I. Félix-Alves, F. Fernandes, M. Filmer, J. Messias, A. Monteiro, I. Navarro, A. Ramalho, D. Röckel, E. Rolán, P. Ryall, and H. Trovão (Trovão et al., 1990: 74, 78).

Conus mayaguensis Usticke, 1968: 15, pl. 2, fig. 1003

  1. Lectotype: AMNH 195447.

  2. Locality: Punta Guanajibos, Puerto Rico, Atlantic Ocean.

  3. Collector: Unknown.

  4. Remarks: ex Usticke Collection #1003. We herein select Usticke's (1968: pl. 2, fig. 1003) figured specimen as lectotype to fix the identity of this poorly defined taxon. Usticke (1969: 23) erroneously listed the species as new from that paper. The repository of the paralectotypes is unknown; their existence is indicated by Usticke's (1968: 15) given size range for the taxon of 20–37 mm length. This taxon is a subspecies of C. beddomei Sowerby III, 1901 (Coomans et al., 1982: 18).

Conus mcgintyi Pilsbry, 1955: 47, pl. 3, figs. 10–11

  1. Paratype: AMNH 169828 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: Sta. 874, 75 fathoms, off Palm Beach, Palm Beach Co., Florida, United States, Atlantic Ocean.

  3. Collector: T. L. McGinty on R/V “Triton,” May 7, 1952.

  4. Remarks: ex Holeman Collection. The holotype is ANSP 193858, and additional paratypes are in the collections of T. McGinty, J. Schwengel, and A. Thompson (Pilsbry, 1955: 47).

Conus messiasi Rolán and Fernandes in Rolán, 1990: 17–19, pl. 1, fig. 6; pl. 2, fig. 6; pl. 4, fig. h

  1. Paratype: AMNH 245393 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: 2 m, Derrubado, Boavista Island, Cape Verde Islands, Portugal, Atlantic Ocean.

  3. Collector: E. Rolán.

  4. Remarks: ex Rolán Collection. The holotype is MCNM 15.05–1086, and additional paratypes are in BMNH, CZL, MIST, MNHN, ZMA, and the collections of F. Fernandes, A. Monteiro, D. Röckel, and E. Rolán (Rolán, 1990: 18).

Conus micropunctatus Rolán and Röckel, 2000: 35, figs. 72–76

  1. Paratype: AMNH 297919 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: 1–3 m, Lucira, Angola, Atlantic Ocean.

  3. Collector: Unknown.

  4. Remarks: The holotype is MNCN 15.05/39749 and additional paratypes are in BMNH, MNHN, SMNS, USNM, and the collections of M. Filmer, G. R. Massilia, D. Röckel, E. Rolán, and P. Ryall (Rolán and Röckel, 2000: 35).

Conus mordeirae Rolán and Trovão in Rolán, 1990: 25–28, pl. 1, fig. 11; pl. 2, fig. 11; pl. 3, fig. a; pl. 6, fig. a; pl. 8, fig. a

  1. Paratype: AMNH 245397 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: 2 m, Bahia de Mordeira, Sal Island, Cape Verde Islands, Portugal, Atlantic Ocean.

  3. Collector: E. Rolán.

  4. Remarks: ex Rolán Collection. The holotype is MCNM 15.05–1090, and additional paratypes are in BMNH, CZL, MIST, MNHN, ZMA, and the collections of F. Fernandes, A. Monteiro, D. Röckel, E. Rolán, and H. Trovão (Rolán, 1990: 26).

Conus nahoniaraensis da Motta, 1986a: 20, 2 unnumbered figs

  1. Paratype: AMNH 220787 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: Honiara, Guadalcanal Island, Solomon Islands, Pacific Ocean.

  3. Collector: Unknown.

  4. Remarks: The holotype is MHNG 986.101, and additional paratypes are in the collection of A. da Motta (da Motta, 1986a: 20). This taxon is a synonym of C. zebra Lamarck, 1810 (Röckel et al., 1995: 203).

Conus navarroi Rolán, 1986: 3–6, fig. 1a, 3b, 4b, 6a, 6c

  1. Paratypes: AMNH 222920 (1 specimen), 238701 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: Calhau, Sao Vicente Island, Cape Verde Islands, Portugal, Atlantic Ocean.

  3. Collector: E. Rolán (AMNH 222920), F. Fernandes (AMNH 238701).

  4. Remarks: ex Rolán Collection #11042 (AMNH 222920) and Fernandes Collection #2351 (AMNH 238701). The holotype is MNCN 11-91-1008, and additional paratypes are CZL G1501 and in BMNH, MNCN, MNHN, the Museo de Cabo Verde, and the collections of M. Garrido, J. Messias, A. Monteiro, I. Navarro, A. Ramalho, D. Röckel, E. Rolán, and H. Trovão (Rolán, 1986: 4).

Conus navarroi calhetae Rolán, 1990: 41–42, pl. 1, fig. 7; pl. 2, fig. 7; pl. 5, fig. o

  1. Paratype: AMNH 245401 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: 1 m, Calheta, Maio Island, Cape Verde Islands, Portugal, Atlantic Ocean.

  3. Collector: E. Rolán.

  4. Remarks: ex Rolán Collection. The holotype is MCNM 15.05–1096, and additional paratypes are in BMNH, CZL, MIST, MNHN, ZMA, and the collections of F. Fernandes, A. Monteiro, D. Röckel, and E. Rolán (Rolán, 1990: 41).

Conus nipponicus da Motta, 1985a: 2–3, pl. 1, figs. 2a–b

  1. Paratype: AMNH 213491 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: Punta Engano, Cebu, Philippines, Pacific Ocean.

  3. Collector: Unknown.

  4. Remarks: ex A. da Motta. AMNH 213491 is da Motta's (1985a: 3) paratype #1. The holotype is MHNG 984.637, and the additional 2 paratypes are in the collection of A. da Motta (da Motta, 1985a: 3). This taxon is a synonym of C. spirofilis Habe and Kosuge, 1970 (Röckel et al., 1995: 251).

Conus nivalis da Motta, 1985a: 5–6, pl. 1, figs. 4a–b

  1. Paratype: AMNH 213510 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: Ragay Gulf, southern Luzon, Philippines, Pacific Ocean.

  3. Collector: Unknown.

  4. Remarks: ex A. da Motta. AMNH 213510 is da Motta's (1985a: 5) paratype #6. The holotype is MHNG 984.633, and the additional 5 paratypes are in the collection of A. da Motta (da Motta, 1985a: 5). This taxon is a synonym of C. furvus Reeve, 1843 (Röckel et al., 1995: 119).

Conus (Dauciconus) norai da Motta and Raybaudi, 1992: 61, figs. 1–3

  1. Paratype: AMNH 259076 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: 10 m, Pointe de la Baleine, Martinique, Atlantic Ocean.

  3. Collector: Unknown.

  4. Remarks: The holotype is MHNG 16150, and additional paratypes are SMNS ZI 8468 and in the collections of A. Monteiro, A. Nora, G. Raybaudi, and D. Röckel (da Motta and Raybaudi, 1992: 61–62).

Conus patonganus da Motta, 1982: 7–8, fig. 7

  1. Paratype: AMNH 213494 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: 100 ft, off Raya Island, Phuket, Thailand, Pacific Ocean.

  3. Collector: Native divers.

  4. Remarks: ex A. da Motta. AMNH 213494 is da Motta's (1982: 8) paratype #2. The holotype is MHNG 981.738, and the additional paratype is in the collection of A. da Motta (da Motta, 1982: 8). This taxon is a synonym of C. ommaria Hwass in Bruguière, 1792 (Röckel et al., 1995: 293).

Conus pennaceus bazarutensis Fernandes and Monteiro, 1988: 19–21, figs. a–b

  1. Paratype: AMNH 237994 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: Bozaruto Island, Mozambique, Indian Ocean.

  3. Collector: Unknown.

  4. Remarks: The holotype is in MNHN, and additional paratypes are in the collections of C. Fernandes, A. Monteiro, A. Ramalho, and J. Rosado (Fernandes and Monteiro, 1988: 20). This taxon is a synonym of C. pennaceus Born, 1778 (Röckel et al., 1995: 296).

Conus poormani Berry, 1968: 156–157

  1. Paratypes: AMNH 186416 (1 specimen), 221948 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: 30–40 fathoms, Morro Colorado, Sonora, Mexico, Pacific Ocean.

  3. Collector: A. Luna, Sept. 1967.

  4. Remarks: ex Poorman Collection (AMNH 186416) and DuShane Collection (AMNH 221948). The holotype is SBMNH 34638, and additional paratypes are LACM 1261 and SBMNH 34639 (Hertz, 1999: 36, fig. 80). AMNH 221948 was donated to AMNH subsequent to publication of Hertz (1984) but was not cited by Hertz (1999).

Conus poppei Elsen, 1983: 185, figs. 5–6

  1. Paratype: AMNH 213398 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: 2–3 m, Santa Monica, Boavista, Cape Verde Islands, Portugal, Atlantic Ocean.

  3. Collector: “Lobster divers,” 1982.

  4. Remarks: ex Poppe Collection via Vaught Collection. The holotype is KBIN 398, and additional paratypes are in the collections of J. Elsen, G. Poppe, B. Tursch, and E. Wils (Elsen, 1983, 186). This taxon is a synonym of C. crotchii Reeve, 1849 (Moolenbeek and Elsen, 1984: 136, figs. 1, 4).

Conus primus Röckel and Korn, 1990b: 45–46, pl. 10, row 1, figs. 1–5, text fig. 1

  1. Paratype: AMNH 243611 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: 325 ft, 11°46′S, 59°33′W, between Seychelles and Chagos Archipelago, Saya de Malha Bank (Mascarene Ridge), Indian Ocean.

  3. Collector: Russian fishing trawlers.

  4. Remarks: The holotype is SMNS ZI 3940, and an additional paratype is in the collection of H. Danila (Röckel and Korn, 1990b: 46).

Conus pseudoaustini Usticke, 1968: 29

  1. Holotype: AMNH 195452.

  2. Locality: South of Barbados, Atlantic Ocean.

  3. Collector: “Bajan shrimpers.”

  4. Remarks: ex Usticke Collection #1021. Usticke (1968: 29) had only a single specimen of this species, and AMNH 195452 is therefore the holotype by monotypy. The holotype is illustrated herein for the first time (fig. 8). This taxon is either a synonym of C. bajanensis Usticke, 1968 (Usticke, 1971: 20), which is a subspecies of C. armiger Crosse, 1858 (Coomans et al., 1982: 7), or possibly a good species (Vink, 1988: 10–11).

Conus pseudo-jaspideus Usticke, 1968: 7, pl. 1, fig. 985

  1. Lectotype: AMNH 195441.

  2. Locality: St. Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands, Atlantic Ocean.

  3. Collector: Unknown.

  4. Remarks: ex Usticke Collection #985. We herein select Usticke's (1968: pl. 1, fig. 985) figured specimen as lectotype to fix the identity of this poorly defined taxon. Usticke (1969: 21) erroneously listed this species as new from that paper. The repository of the paralectotypes is unknown; their existence is indicated by Usticke's (1968: 7) given size range for the taxon of 20–25 mm length. The species is correctly cited without the hyphen as C. pseudojaspideus. This taxon is probably a synonym of C. mindanus Hwass, 1792 (Faber, 1988: 88).

Conus puncticulatus cardonensis Vink, 1990b: 16–17, fig. 39c

  1. Paratype: AMNH 232172 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: on beach, Punta Macolla, Paraguana Peninsula, Venezuela, Atlantic Ocean.

  3. Collector: D. Vink.

  4. Remarks: The holotype is in MNHN, and additional paratypes are in RMNH and the collection of D. Vink (Vink, 1990b: 16).

Conus queenslandis da Motta, 1984a: 25–26, figs. 3a–b

  1. Paratype: AMNH 213520 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: 150 fathoms, between Lord Howe Island and Lady Musgrave Island, Queensland, Australia, Pacific Ocean.

  3. Collector: Unknown.

  4. Remarks: ex A. da Motta. AMNH 213520 is da Motta's (1984a: 26) paratype #4. The holotype is MHNG 983.576, and the additional 4 paratypes are in the collection of A. da Motta (da Motta, 1984a: 26). This taxon is a synonym of C. tribblei Walls, 1977 (Röckel et al., 1995: 142). Walls (1977: 2) named C. tribblei after “his favorite cat,” but neglected to specify the cat's sex. It is therefore unclear from Walls's (1977) description whether the species-group ending -i or -ae is correct; in all probability, neuter would be more accurate.

Conus (Kermasprella) raoulensis Powell, 1958: 83, pl. 9, fig. 1

  1. Paratypes: AMNH 105520 (2 specimens).

  2. Locality: Sta. 675, 58–64 m, off Raoul Island, Kermadec Islands, New Zealand, Pacific Ocean.

  3. Collector: R/V “Galathea,” March 3, 1952.

  4. Remarks: ex Powell Collection. The holotype is in ZMUC (Powell, 1958: 66). This taxon is the type of the subgenus Kermasprella Powell, 1958, by monotypy (Powell, 1958: 83).

Conus raulsilvai Rolán, Monteiro, and Fernandes, 1998: 36–44, figs. 1–3, 4a, 5a, 6a

  1. Paratype: AMNH 287636 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: Maio Island, Cape Verde Islands, Portugal, Atlantic Ocean.

  3. Collector: Unknown.

  4. Remarks: ex Rolán Collection. The holotype is MNCN 15.05/27320, and additional paratypes are in BMNH, MNHN, SMNS, and the collections of J. Evora, C. Fernandes, G. Raybaudi Massilia, A. Monteiro, A. Ramalho, D. Röckel, E. Rolán, M. Rosado, R. Silva, and H. Trovão (Rolán et al., 1998: 38–39).

Conus regonae Rolán and Trovão in Rolán, 1990: 31–33, pl. 1, fig. 3; pl. 2, fig. 3; pl. 3, fig. d; pl. 6, fig. b

  1. Paratype: AMNH 245399 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: 1 m, Bahia de Regona, Sal Island, Cape Verde Islands, Portugal, Atlantic Ocean.

  3. Collector: E. Rolán.

  4. Remarks: ex Rolán Collection. The holotype is MCNM 15.05–1092, and additional paratypes are in BMNH, CZL, MIST, MNHN, ZMA, and the collections of F. Fernandes, A. Monteiro, D. Röckel, E. Rolán, and H. Trovão (Rolán, 1990: 32).

Conus rhododendron “Couthuoy” Jay, 1839: 121, pl. 7, figs. 2–3

  1. Holotype: Not in AMNH (lost).

  2. Locality: “Seas of Australasia.”

  3. Collector: Unknown.

  4. Remarks: The holotype by monotypy cannot be located in AMNH, was apparently never deposited there, and is considered lost. This taxon is a synonym of C. adamsonii Broderip, 1836 (Röckel et al., 1995: 213).

Conus rolani Röckel, 1986: 234–235, figs. 1–2

  1. Paratype: AMNH 225978 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: Tayabas Bay, Luzon, Philippines, Pacific Ocean.

  3. Collector: Unknown.

  4. Remarks: The holotype is ZSM 1801, and additional paratypes are in MNHN, NMC, SMF, SMNS, and the collections of H. Fischöder, D. Röckel, and E. Rolán (Röckel, 1986: 235).

Conus roseorapum Raybaudi and da Motta, 1990: 41, p. 42, 2 unnumbered figs.; p. 43, unnumbered fig., 2nd and 3rd specimens from left

  1. Paratype: AMNH 232178 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: 100 m, Bohol, Philippines, Pacific Ocean.

  3. Collector: “Native Fishermen.”

  4. Remarks: ex Raybaudi Collection (paratype #2). The holotype is MHNG 10708, and additional paratypes are in the collection of G. Raybaudi (Raybaudi and da Motta, 1990: 41). This taxon is a synonym of C. recluzianus Bernardi, 1853 (Röckel et al., 1995: 156).

Conus rubropennatus da Motta, 1982: 6–7, fig. 6

  1. Paratype: AMNH 213503 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: Off Réunion Island, Indian Ocean.

  3. Collector: “Divers.”

  4. Remarks: ex A. da Motta. AMNH 213503 is da Motta's (1982: 6) paratype #1. The holotype is MHNG 981.735, and the additional 2 paratypes are in the collection of A. da Motta (da Motta, 1982: 6). This taxon is a synonym of C. pennaceus Born, 1778 (Röckel et al., 1995: 296).

Conus rudiae Magnotte, 1971: 11, figs. 1–2

  1. Holotype: AMNH 167026.

  2. Paratype: AMNH 167027 (1 specimen).

  3. Locality: 13 fathoms, off Pompano Beach (AMNH 167026), 12 fathoms, off Lauderdale-by-the-Sea (AMNH 167027), Broward Co., Florida, United States, Atlantic Ocean.

  4. Collector: G. Magnotte, Sept. 1970.

  5. Remarks: None of the additional specimens cited by Magnotte (1971: 11) are paratypes. This taxon is a synonym of C. patae Abbott, 1971 (Abbott, 1974: 258).

Conus sagei Korn and Raybaudi, 1993: 37–38, p. 32, fig. 7; p. 34, unnumbered fig.; p. 37, figs. 5a–d; p. 39, figs. 7–8; p. 40, fig. 7

  1. Paratypes: AMNH 226499 (2 specimens).

  2. Locality: Gulf of Aden, Somalia, Indian Ocean.

  3. Collector: “Fisherman,” April 1993.

  4. Remarks: The holotype is in SMNS, and additional paratypes are NM G9936 and in ZMA and the collections of W. Korn, G. Raybaudi, and D. Röckel (Korn and Raybaudi, 1993: 38).

Conus sahlbergi da Motta and Harland, 1986: 19, figs. 8a–b

  1. Holotype: AMNH 221046.

  2. Paratype: AMNH 221047 (1 specimen).

  3. Locality: 10–35 ft, off Cat Cay and Gun Cay, Bimini, Bahamas, Atlantic Ocean.

  4. Collector: T. Honker, Feb. 1986.

  5. Remarks: Additional paratypes are MHNG 986.1011 and in the collections of M. Cahill, A. da Motta, W. Harland, T. Honker, and C. Sahlberg (da Motta and Harland, 1986: 20).

Conus samiae da Motta, 1982: 12–13, fig. 11

  1. Paratype: AMNH 213522 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: 200 m, Balut Island, off Mindanao, Philippines, Pacific Ocean.

  3. Collector: “Natives.”

  4. Remarks: ex A. da Motta. AMNH 213522 is da Motta's (1982: 12) paratype #2. The holotype is MHNG 982.117, and the additional 3 paratypes are in the collection of A. da Motta (da Motta, 1982: 12). This taxon is a synonym of C. sulcatus Hwass in Bruguière, 1792 (Röckel et al., 1995: 228).

Conus saragasae Rolán, 1986: 7–9, figs. 1c, 3c, 4c, 5a

  1. Paratypes: AMNH 245405 (1 specimen), 238702 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: Bahía de Saragasa, Punta Saragasa, San Vicente Island (AMNH 245405); 1 m, Sierra Negra, Sal Island (AMNH 238702), Cape Verde Islands, Portugal, Atlantic Ocean.

  3. Collector: E. Rolán (AMNH 245405), F. Fernandes (AMNH 238702).

  4. Remarks: ex Rolán Collection #16717 (AMNH 245405) and Fernandes Collection #2352 (AMNH 238702). The holotype is MNCN 11–91–1009, and additional paratypes are CZL G1500 and in BMNH, MNCN, MNHN, the Museo de Cabo Verde, the Museo Galego do Mar, and the collections of M. Garrido, J. Messias, A. Monteiro, I. Navarro, D. Röckel, E. Rolán, and H. Trovão (Rolán, 1986: 8).

Conus sculpturatus Röckel and da Motta, 1986: 133–135, pl. 19, figs. 1, 3, 8

  1. Paratype: AMNH 225956 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: Tayabas Bay, Samar Island, Philippines, Pacific Ocean.

  3. Collector: Unknown.

  4. Remarks: ex da Motta Collection. The holotype is SMF 257412, and additional paratypes are SMF 257413, ZSM 1793, and in the collections of A. da Motta and D. Röckel (Röckel and da Motta, 1986: 133).

Conus sennottorum Rehder and Abbott, 1951: 63–64, pl. 9, figs. 1–2

  1. Paratypes: AMNH 73277 (2 specimens).

  2. Locality: 15–16 fathoms, 50 mi southwest of Campeche, Yucatan, Mexico, Atlantic Ocean.

  3. Collector: Shrimp fishermen, 1951.

  4. Remarks: ex Sennott Collection. The holotype is USNM 597519, and additional paratypes are USNM 597520 and in the collection of J. Sennott (Rehder and Abbott, 1951: 64).

Conus serranegrae Rolán, 1990: 49–50, pl. 1, fig. 15; pl. 2, fig. 15; pl. 3, fig. f; pl. 6, fig. g; pl. 8, fig. g

  1. Paratype: AMNH 245405 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: 1 m, Serra Negra, Sal Island, Cape Verde Islands, Portugal.

  3. Collector: E. Rolán.

  4. Remarks: ex Rolán Collection. The holotype is MCNM 15.05–1101, and additional paratypes are in BMNH, CZL, MIST, MNHN, ZMA, and the collections of F. Fernandes, A. Monteiro, D. Röckel, and E. Rolán (Rolán, 1990: 50).

Conus spurius arubaensis Usticke, 1968: 12, pl. 1, fig. 995

  1. Lectotype: AMNH 195443.

  2. Locality: 25 ft, Aruba, Atlantic Ocean.

  3. Collector: Unknown.

  4. Remarks: ex Usticke Collection #995. Usticke (1971: 17) stated that this specimen was the holotype. Because Usticke (1968: 12) did not designate a holotype, Usticke's (1971) action constituted a lectotype designation. Usticke (1969: 21) erroneously listed this subspecies as new from that paper. The repository of the paralectotypes is unknown; their existence is indicated by Usticke's (1968: 12) given size range for the taxon of 40–55 mm length. This taxon is a synonym of C. spurius Gmelin, 1791 (Coomans et al., 1981: 24).

Conus subfloridus da Motta, 1985b: 27, figs. 4a–d

  1. Paratype: AMNH 213516 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: Gulf of Mannar, between India and Sri Lanka, Indian Ocean.

  3. Collector: Unknown.

  4. Remarks: ex A. da Motta. AMNH 213516 is da Motta's (1985b: 27) paratype #5. The holotype is MHNG 984.634, and the additional 6 paratypes are MHNG 984.635 and in the collection of A. da Motta (da Motta, 1985b: 27). This taxon is a synonym of C. striatus Linnaeus, 1758 (Röckel et al., 1995: 219).

Conus teodorae Rolán and Fernandes in Rolán, 1990: 21–23, pl. 1, fig. 5; pl. 2, fig. 5; pl. 4, fig. j; pl. 7, fig. h; pl. 8, fig. d

  1. Paratype: AMNH 245395 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: 1 m, Bahia Teodora, Boavista Island, Cape Verde Islands, Portugal, Atlantic Ocean.

  3. Collector: E. Rolán.

  4. Remarks: ex Rolán Collection. The holotype is MCNM 15.05–1088, and additional paratypes are in BMNH, CZL, MIST, MNHN, ZMA, and the collections of F. Fernandes, A. Monteiro, D. Röckel, and E. Rolán (Rolán, 1990: 22).

Conus textile neovicarius da Motta, 1982: 4–5, fig. 4

  1. Paratype: AMNH 213519 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: Sharm el Sheikh, Egypt, Sinai Peninsula, Red Sea.

  3. Collector: Unknown.

  4. Remarks: ex A. da Motta. AMNH 213519 is da Motta's (1982: 5) paratype #2. The holotype is MHNG 982.115, and the additional 2 paratypes are in the collection of A. da Motta (da Motta, 1982: 5). This taxon is a synonym of C. textile Linnaeus, 1758 (Röckel et al., 1995: 309).

Conus thevenardensis da Motta, 1987b: 29–30, figs. 1–4

  1. Paratype: AMNH 225976 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: Thevenard Island, Western Australia, Australia, Pacific Ocean.

  3. Collector: Unknown.

  4. Remarks: The holotype is MHNG 987.112, and additional paratypes are WAM 157–87 and in the collection of A. da Motta (da Motta, 1987b: 30). This taxon is a synonym of C. nielsenae Marsh, 1962 (Röckel et al., 1995: 282).

Conus travaoi Rolán and Röckel, 2000: 37–38, figs. 87–91

  1. Paratype: AMNH 297915 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: 1–3 m, Limagens, Angola, Atlantic Ocean.

  3. Collector: Unknown.

  4. Remarks: The holotype is MNCN 15.05/39752, and additional paratypes are in BMNH, MNHN, SMNS, USNM, and the collections of M. Filmer, G. R. Massilia, D. Röckel, E. Rolán, and P. Ryall (Rolán and Röckel, 2000: 37).

Conus turritinus da Motta, 1985a: 1–2, pl. 1, figs. 1a–b

  1. Paratype: AMNH 213509 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: Off east coast, Malaysia, Pacific Ocean.

  3. Collector: Unknown.

  4. Remarks: ex A. da Motta. AMNH 213509 is da Motta's (1985a: 2) paratype #4. The holotype is MHNG 984.597, and the additional 3 paratypes are MHNG 984.598 and in the collection of A. da Motta (da Motta, 1985a: 2). This taxon is a synonym of C. furvus Reeve, 1843 (Röckel et al., 1995: 119).

Conus turschi da Motta, 1985e: 3–4, pl. 1, figs. 1–2; pl. 2, fig. 4

  1. Paratypes: AMNH 213396 (1 specimen), 213397 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: 20–40 fathoms, Andaman Sea, off southwest Thailand, Pacific Ocean.

  3. Collector: Unknown.

  4. Remarks: The holotype is in MHNG, and the additional 10 paratypes are in IRSNB, MHNG, and the collection of A. da Motta (da Motta, 1985d: 4). This taxon is a synonym of C. consors Sowerby I, 1833 (Röckel et al., 1995: 117).

Conus tuticorinensis Röckel and Korn, 1990a: 279–280, pl. 1, fig. 1; pl. 2, fig. 1

  1. Paratype: AMNH 245389 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: Tuticorin, India, Indian Ocean.

  3. Collector: Unknown.

  4. Remarks: The holotype is SMF 307770, and additional paratypes are in NMCL and the collections of W. Korn and D. Röckel (Röckel and Korn, 1990a: 280).

Conus ustickei Miller in Usticke, 1959: 80, pl. 1, fig. 14

  1. Lectotype: AMNH 195448.

  2. Paralectotype: AMNH 294369 (1 specimen).

  3. Locality: North of Fredericksted, St. Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands, Atlantic Ocean.

  4. Collector: Unknown (AMNH 195448), G. N. Usticke, 1959 (AMNH 294369).

  5. Remarks: ex Usticke Collection #1004 (AMNH 195448) and Schwartz Collection (AMNH 294369). The authorship of this species has been in some doubt. Usticke (1959: 80) credited the description to J. P. Miller but repeatedly used the first person when referring to the species. Examples of this are found in Usticke (1959: vi), where the species is listed with the taxa for which “I [Usticke] designate as holotypes the new species that are pictured” and Usticke's (1959: 80) statement about this species that “as far as I know this has not been described, so I will proceed to remedy that defect if I can.” Faber (1988: 91) noted that “it is remarkable that Mr. Miller had exactly the same confusing way of describing taxa as Mr. Usticke himself.” However, given the evidence, we must accept Miller in Usticke as the author of this species. But, because this is the case, the holotype designation by Usticke (1959: vi), not Miller, is actually a lectotype designation. The repository of additional paralectotypes is unknown; their existence is indicated by Usticke's (1959: 80) given size range for the taxon of 20–28 mm length. This taxon is a synonym of C. bifasciatus Sowerby III, 1857–1858 (non C. bifasciatus Gmelin, 1791) (Coomans et al., 1982: 24). Because C. bifasciatus Sowerby III is a junior homonym of C. bifasciatus Gmelin, this species must be called by the name of its earliest junior synonym, which is C. ustickei (new status).

Conus veillardi da Motta, 1990: 44, 2 unnumbered figs.

  1. Paratype: AMNH 232179 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: 5–7 m, Glorieuses Islands, Réunion, Indian Ocean.

  3. Collector: Unknown.

  4. Remarks: The holotype is MHNG 10709, and additional paratypes are in SMNS and (presumably) the collection of A. da Motta (da Motta, 1990: 44). Although da Motta (1990: 44) cited only one paratype by name, he clearly indicated in the text that he examined “over twenty specimens” of this taxon and, because AMNH 232179 came directly from da Motta labeled as “paratype #3,” we consider it part of the type series. This taxon is a synonym of C. gubernator Hwass in Bruguière, 1792 (Röckel et al., 1995: 221).

Conus verdensis furnae Rolán, 1990: 42–44, pl. 1, fig. 9; pl. 2, fig. 9; pl. 5, fig. q; pl. 7, fig. k; pl. 8, fig. j

  1. Paratype: AMNH 245402 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: 1 m, Bahia de Pedrinha, Brava Island, Cape Verde Islands, Portugal, Atlantic Ocean.

  3. Collector: E. Rolán.

  4. Remarks: ex Rolán Collection. The holotype is MCNM 15.05–1091, and additional paratypes are in BMNH, CZL, MNHN, ZMA, and the collections of F. Fernandes, A. Monteiro, D. Röckel, and E. Rolán (Rolán, 1990: 43).

Conus (Textilia) vicweei Old, 1973: 58–59, figs. 1–3, 5

  1. Holotype: AMNH 173710.

  2. Locality: 55–60 fathoms, northwest of Sumatra, Indonesia, Pacific Ocean.

  3. Collector: Unknown, “mid-August” 1972.

  4. Remarks: The paratypes (“A” and “B”) are in the collection of V. Wee (Old, 1973: 58–59) and A. J. da Motta (V. Wee, in litt., May 5, 1985).

Conus whiteheadae da Motta, 1985b: 26, figs. 3a–b

  1. Paratype: AMNH 213515 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: Approximately 150 fathoms, near Lord Howe Island and Lady Musgrove Island, Queensland, Australia, Pacific Ocean.

  3. Collector: Unknown.

  4. Remarks: ex A. da Motta. AMNH 213515 is da Motta's (1985b: 26) paratype #6. The holotype is MHNG 984.594, and the additional 8 paratypes are “in an Australian museum” and in the collection of A. da Motta (da Motta, 1985b: 26). This taxon is a synonym of C. sugimotonis Kuroda, 1928 (Röckel et al., 1995: 144).

Conus wittigi Walls, 1977: 1, unnumbered fig. on p. 3

  1. Paratypes: AMNH 241621 (2 specimens), 245390 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: Straight of Flores (AMNH 241621), Mokko, Flores Island, Lesser Sunda Islands (AMNH 245390), Indonesia, Pacific Ocean.

  3. Collector: R. Skinner, June 9, 1975 (AMNH 241621), 1976 (AMNH 245390).

  4. Remarks: ex Skinner Collection. The holotype is in DMNH, and additional paratypes are in the collections of G. Gundaker, R. Skinner, and J. Walls (Walls, 1977: 1).

Conus xicoi Röckel, 1987a: 45–46, pl. 1, figs. a–d; pl. 2, figs. a, c, unnumbered text fig

  1. Paratypes: AMNH 237995 (2 specimens).

  2. Locality: Santiago Beach, Angola, Atlantic Ocean.

  3. Collector: F. Fernandes.

  4. Remarks: The holotype is in SMF, and additional paratypes are in BMNH, CSL, IMT, MNHN, and the collections of I. Alves, F. Fernandes, W. Korn, J. Messias, A. Monteiro, E. Rolán, A. Ramalho, D. Röckel, and H. Trovão (Röckel, 1987a: 47).

Conus zapatosensis Röckel, 1987b: 288–290, figs. 4, 8, 12

  1. Paratype: AMNH 232081 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: 50 m, Marinduque, Philippines, Pacific Ocean.

  3. Collector: Unknown.

  4. Remarks: The holotype is in ZSM, and additional paratypes are in SMF and the collections of D. Röckel and G. Stalzer (Röckel, 1987b: 290).

Coralliophila armeniaca D'Attilio and Myers, 1984a: 89–90, figs. 21–24

  1. Paratypes: AMNH 213803a (1 specimen), 213803b (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: 75 m, off Cebu Island, Philippines, Pacific Ocean.

  3. Collector: Unknown.

  4. Remarks: The holotype is SDNHM 79507, and additional paratypes are SDNHM 79504a–j and USNM 819634a–b (D'Attilio and Myers, 1984a: 90).

Coralliophila elvirae D'Attilio and Emerson, 1980: 69–70, pl. 19, figs. 1–2; pl. 20, figs. 1, 3–4

  1. Paratype: AMNH 203623 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: ca. 75 m, Punta Engaño, Mactan Island, Cebu, Philippines, Pacific Ocean.

  3. Collector: Unknown.

  4. Remarks: The holotype is SDNHM 73602, and additional paratypes are in SDNHM and the collection of G. Everson (D'Attilio and Emerson, 1980: 70).

Coralliophila macleani Shasky, 1970: 189, fig. 4

  1. Paratype: AMNH 179305 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: 3–4 m, 27°53′15″N, 110°59′W, Saladita Bay, Guaymas, Sonora, Mexico, Pacific Ocean.

  3. Collector: D. Shasky, Dec. 1958 or Dec. 1959.

  4. Remarks: The holotype is LACM 1411, and additional paratypes are LACM 1412 and in ANSP, CASIZ, SDNHM, SU, USNM, and the collection of D. Shasky (Shasky, 1970: 189).

Coralliophila occidentale Kosuge and Fernandes, 1988: 96–97, pl. 39, figs. 5–6, unnumbered text fig

  1. Paratype: AMNH 242675 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: 60 m, Luanda, Angola, Atlantic Ocean.

  3. Collector: F. Fernandes.

  4. Remarks: ex Fernandes Collection. The holotype is IMT 88–2, and additional paratypes are in the collection of F. Fernandes (Kosuge and Fernandes, 1988: 96–97).

Coralliophila raramaculatus Kosuge and Fernandes, 1989: 133–135, pl. 50, fig. 5

  1. Paratype: AMNH 242676 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: 1 m, Emilia Beach, São Tomé Island, São Tomé and Principe, Atlantic Ocean.

  3. Collector: F. Fernandes.

  4. Remarks: ex Fernandes Collection. The holotype is IMT 88-181, and additional paratypes are in IRSNB and the collection of F. Fernandes (Kosuge and Fernandes, 1988: 134).

Coralliophila rocasuciae Myers and D'Attilio, 1990: 287, figs. 13–16

  1. Paratypes: AMNH 232086 (2 specimens).

  2. Locality: 18–24 m, Roca Sucia, Cocos Island, Costa Rica, Pacific Ocean.

  3. Collector: D. Shasky, April 1986.

  4. Remarks: The holotype is USNM 860013, and additional paratypes are LACM 2202, MCZ 297218, SBMNH 35046, SDNHM 93353–93355, USNM 860016–860018, and in ANSP, CASIZ, and the collections of K. Kaiser and D. Shasky (Myers and D'Attilio, 1990: 287–289).

Cornirostra floridana Bieler and Mikkelsen in Bieler, Ball, and Mikkelsen, 1998: 307–310, figs. 1–13

  1. Paratype: AMNH 289806 (1 specimen), 289256 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: 24°53′25″N, 80°40′28″W, gulf side, Indian Key Fill, mile marker 79, Monroe Co., Florida, United States, Atlantic Ocean.

  3. Collector: P. Mikkelsen and R. Bieler, Oct. 1, 1994.

  4. Remarks: The holotype is FMNH 278401, and additional paratypes are FMNH 278402, 278403, 278405, and USNM 880276 (Bieler and Mikkelsen in Bieler et al., 1998: 307).

Costoanachis rassierensis Smythe, 1985: 31–32, pl. 4, figs. d–e, text figs. 4, 7, 10–11

  1. Paratypes: AMNH 220731 (2 specimens).

  2. Locality: 16°58′N, 54°42′E, Mirbat, Dhofar, Oman, Indian Ocean.

  3. Collector: K. Smythe, Feb. 1984.

  4. Remarks: The holotype is BMNH 1984082, and additional paratypes are BMNH 1984083, NMW 1984.048.1–2, ONHM 1984/69/C, and in MNHN, USNM, ZMA, and the collections of D. Bosch and K. Smythe (Smythe, 1985: 32). The specific name is incorrectly spelled “rasierensis” in Smythe's (1985) text fig. 11. This taxon is a synonym of Anachis fauroti (Jousseaume, 1888) (Bosch et al., 1995: 129).

Cotonopsis monfilsi Emerson, 1993: 147, figs. 1–10

  1. Holotype: AMNH 232519.1 (shell), 232519.2 (radula).

  2. Paratypes: AMNH 232091 (2 specimens), 232091A (1 specimen), 232092 (3 specimens), 232092A (1 specimen), 232152 (3 specimens).

  3. Locality: 300 m, 16°02′N, 16°30′W (AMNH 232519.1, 232519.2, 232091, 232091A), 300–350 m (AMNH 232092, 232092A), 450–500 m (AMNH 232152), off St. Louis, Senegal, Atlantic Ocean.

  4. Collector: M. Pin, 1987 (AMNH 232519.1, 232519.2, 232091, 232091A); unknown, Nov. 1987 (AMNH 232092, 232092A); unknown (AMNH 232152).

  5. Remarks: A specimen figured by Emerson (1993: fig. 4–6) has been split from AMNH 232091 as AMNH 232091A. Another specimen figured by Emerson (1993: figs. 7–8) has been split from AMNH 232092 as AMNH 232092A. AMNH 232092 and 232092A contain only 4 specimens, although 5 were cited by Emerson (1993: 149); 1 specimen was deaccessioned in 1993 and sent to USNM as an exchange.

Cotonopsis (Cotonopsis) skoglundae Jung, 1989: 178, figs. 56–9, 235

  1. Paratype: AMNH 232168 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: 400–600 ft, off north end of Danzante Island, Baja California Sur, Mexico, Pacific Ocean.

  3. Collector: C. and P. Skoglund, Oct. 1981.

  4. Remarks: ex Skoglund Collection. The holotype is NMB H17018, and additional paratypes are deposited as cited by Jung (1989: 180).

Cotonopsis (Cotonopsis) suteri Jung, 1989: 180, figs. 56–10, 236–238

  1. Paratypes: AMNH 90720 (7 specimens), 213782 (2 specimens), 213783 (3 specimens), 213784 (2 specimens), 232140 (2 specimens), 232141 (2 specimens).

  2. Locality: Sta. 136-D-4, Arena Bank, Gulf of California (AMNH 90720), Balandra (AMNH 213782), 150 ft, Punta Coyote (AMNH 232141), La Paz, Baja California Sur (AMNH 213783), Salina Cruz, Oaxaca (AMNH 213784, 232140), Mexico, Pacific Ocean.

  3. Collector: “Zaca” Expedition, 1937–1938 (AMNH 90720), unknown (AMNH 213782), shrimpers (AMNH 213783, 213784, 232140, 232141).

  4. Remarks: ex Skoglund Collection via P. Jung (AMNH 232140) and ex DuShane Collection (AMNH 232141). The holotype is NMB H17242, and additional paratypes are deposited as cited by Jung (1989: 182).

Cotonopsis vanwalleghemi Kronenberg and Dekker, 1998: 12–16, pl. 1, figs. 1–6, text figs. 1–7

  1. Paratypes: AMNH 232177 (4 specimens), 253764 (2 specimens), 292765 (1 specimen), 292766 (1 specimen), 292772 (1 specimen), 292773 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: Southwest of Phuket Island, Andaman Sea, Thailand, Pacific Ocean.

  3. Collector: Unknown (AMNH 232177, 253764), July 1984 (AMNH 292766), Feb. 1987 (AMNH 253764, 292765, 292772, 292773).

  4. Remarks: The holotype is NMB H18090, and additional paratypes are ANSP 292773, KBIN 28.616, NMB H18090, SBMNH 144846, ZMA 3.98.015, and in the collections of H. Dekker, G. Kronenberg, and R. Vanwalleghem (Kronenberg and Dekker, 1998: 14, 16). This taxon is a synonym of Strombina phuketensis Kosuge, Roussy, and Muangman, 1998, which was published approximately two months earlier; the species is retained in Cotonopsis Olsson, 1942 (Kronenberg and Dekker, 1999: 69).

Crassispira funebralis Fernandes, Rolán, and Otero-Schmitt, 1995: 287–289, figs. 6–9, 31

  1. Paratype: AMNH 226521 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: Farol das Lagostas, Luanda, Angola, Atlantic Ocean.

  3. Collector: Unknown.

  4. Remarks: ex Rolán Collection. The holotype is MNCN 15.05/18730, and additional paratypes are in BMNH, MNHN, and the collections of F. Fernandes, J. Otero-Schmitt, and E. Rolán (Fernandes et al., 1995: 287).

Crassispira (Dallspira) martiae McLean and Poorman, 1971: 100, fig. 25

  1. Paratype: AMNH 164608 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: 08°53′N, 79°36′W, Venado Island, Canal Zone, Panama, Pacific Ocean.

  3. Collector: J. H. McLean and D. Shasky, March 8–11, 1970.

  4. Remarks: The holotype is LACM 1506, and additional paratypes are LACM 1507 and in ANSP, CASIZ, SDNHM, and USNM (McLean and Poorman, 1971: 100).

Crassispira monilecosta Fernandes, Rolán, and Otero-Schmitt, 1995: 298–299, figs. 24–25, 40

  1. Paratype: AMNH 226523 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: Farol das Lagostas, Luanda, Angola, Atlantic Ocean.

  3. Collector: Unknown.

  4. Remarks: ex Rolán Collection. The holotype is MNCN 15.05/18729, and additional paratypes are in BMNH, MNCN, MNHN, NMW, ZMA, and the collections of F. Fernandes, J. Otero-Schmitt, M. Pin, E. Rolán, and P. Ryall (Fernandes et al., 1995: 298).

Crassispira oliva Fernandes, Rolán, and Otero-Schmitt, 1995: 293–294, figs. 15–18, 35–36

  1. Paratype: AMNH 226520 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: Farol das Lagostas, Luanda, Angola, Atlantic Ocean.

  3. Collector: Unknown.

  4. Remarks: ex Rolán Collection. The holotype is MNCN 15.05/18731, and additional paratypes are in BMNH, MNHN, and the collections of F. Fernandes, J. Otero-Schmitt, and E. Rolán (Fernandes et al., 1995: 293).

Crassispira pini Fernandes, Rolán, and Otero-Schmitt, 1995: 299–300, figs. 26–28

  1. Paratype: AMNH 226522 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: Dakar, Senegal, Atlantic Ocean.

  3. Collector: Unknown.

  4. Remarks: ex Rolán Collection. The holotype is MNCN 15.05/18727, and additional paratypes are in BMNH, MNHN, and the collections of F. Fernandes, J. Otero-Schmitt, M. Pin, and E. Rolán (Fernandes et al., 1995: 299).

Crassispira sacerdotalis Rolán and Fernandes, 1992: 138–141, figs. 3–4, 12–13

  1. Paratype: AMNH 264676 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: 3–8 m, Esprainha, São Tomé Island, Republic of São Tomé and Principe, Atlantic Ocean.

  3. Collector: Unknown.

  4. Remarks: ex Rolán Collection. The holotype is MNCN 15.05/2679, and additional paratypes are in BMNH, IRSNB, MNHN, NMSA, ZMUC, and the collections of F. Fernandes and E. Rolán (Rolán and Fernandes, 1992: 138).

Crenavolva (Cuspivolva) baltea C. Cate, 1973: 55, fig. 115

  1. Paratypes: AMNH 204858 (5 specimens).

  2. Locality: 15°15′N, 74°00′E, Goa, India, Indian Ocean.

  3. Collector: J. C. Bridwell.

  4. Remarks: ex Cate Collection #3610. The holotype is USNM 442947 (C. Cate, 1973: 55). C. Cate (1973: 55) cited “several paratypes,” and the current repository of these additional paratypes, if any, is unknown.

Crepidula barbudaensis Usticke, 1969: 14, pl. 3, fig. 520

  1. Lectotype: AMNH 195425.

  2. Locality: Lagoon, Barbuda, Antigua and Barbuda, Atlantic Ocean.

  3. Collector: Unknown.

  4. Remarks: ex Usticke Collection #520. Usticke (1971: 10) stated that this specimen was the holotype. Because Usticke (1969: 14) did not designate a holotype, Usticke's (1971) action constituted a lectotype designation. The repository of the paralectotypes is unknown; their existence is indicated by Usticke's (1969: 14) given size range for the taxon of 5–7 mm length.

Crepidula fornicata “var.” cruzana Usticke, 1959: 48–49

  1. Lectotype: AMNH 195424.

  2. Locality: Altona Bay, St. Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands, Atlantic Ocean.

  3. Collector: Unknown.

  4. Remarks: ex Usticke Collection #519. Although Usticke (1959: 48–49) cited this taxon as a “var.,” he first listed it (1959: vi) as “Crepidula fornicata cruzana” under the heading “new species and subspecies.” We consider this taxon to have been subspecifically described. Because Usticke (1959) did not designate a holotype, we herein select the specimen figured by Usticke (1969: pl. 3, fig. 519) as lectotype to fix the identity of this poorly defined taxon. The repository of the paralectotypes is unknown; their existence is indicated by Usticke's (1959: 48) given size range for the taxon of 8–15 mm length.

Cribraria (Cribraria) catholicorum F. and M. Schilder, 1938a: 114–115, fig. 5

  1. Paratypes: AMNH 80580 (1 specimen), 186627 (1 specimen), 203877 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: Mope, New Britain, Papua New Guinea, Pacific Ocean.

  3. Collector: P. J. Schneider, 1936.

  4. Remarks: ex Fobes Collection (AMNH 80580), Summers Collection (AMNH 186627), and Cate Collection #1244 (AMNH 203877). The holotype was Schilder Collection #5888 (current repository unknown). The current repository of the 62 additional paratypes is unknown. The genus is correctly cited as Cribrarula Strand, 1929.

Cribraria (Ovatipsa) chinensis whitworthi C. Cate, 1964: 20–21, pl. 5, figs. 2a–b

  1. Paratypes: AMNH 196003 (4 specimens), 203873 (1 specimen), 203874 (4 specimens), 203875 (3 specimens).

  2. Locality: 21°48′S, 114°07′E, Vlaming Head, North West Cape, Western Australia, Australia, Pacific Ocean.

  3. Collector: A. R. Whitworth, 1961 (AMNH 203873), Jan. 4, 1962 (AMNH 203874), Aug. 10, 1962 (AMNH 196003).

  4. Remarks: ex Cate Collection #2132 (AMNH 203874), #2180 (AMNH 203873), #3103 (AMNH 203875), and #3104 (AMNH 196003). The holotype is WAM 33–64 (C. Cate, 1964: 21). The current repository of the 4 paratypes is unknown. This taxon is a synonym of Erronea chinensis amiges (Melvill and Standen, 1904) (Lorenz and Hubert, 1993: 141).

Cribraria haddnightae Trenberth, 1973: 1–2, pls. 1–2

  1. Paratypes: AMNH 186634 (1 specimen), 268523 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: Parrys Beach, west of Denmark, Western Australia, Australia, Pacific Ocean.

  3. Collector: F. Haddrill.

  4. Remarks: ex Summers Collection (AMNH 196634) and Harmon Collection (AMNH 268523). The holotype is SAM D15132, and additional paratypes are in the collections of F. Haddrill, M. Knight, and W. Trenberth (Trenberth, 1973: 2). Although Trenberth (1973) consistently and incorrectly referred to this taxon as a “subspecies of the species Cribraria Linne, 1758,” this taxon was obviously described at the species level, because Cribraria is a genus-level name. This taxon is a synonym of Cribrarula fallax (Smith, 1881) (Lorenz and Hubert, 1993: 179).

Crisilla alvarezi Templado and Rolán, 1993: 9–10, figs. 4, 10–11, 19, 22

  1. Paratypes: AMNH 269292 (2 specimens).

  2. Locality: 8 m, Fuma, Brava Island, Cape Verde Islands, Portugal, Atlantic Ocean.

  3. Collector: Unknown.

  4. Remarks: ex Rolán Collection. The holotype is MNCN 15.05/15814, and additional paratypes are in BMNH, MNCN, MNHN, ZMA, and the collection of E. Rolán (Templado and Rolán, 1993: 9).

Crisilla graxai Templado and Rolán, 1993: 13–14, figs. 6, 13, 18, 24, 30

  1. Paratypes: AMNH 269294 (2 specimens).

  2. Locality: Fuma, Brava Island, Cape Verde Islands, Portugal, Atlantic Ocean.

  3. Collector: Unknown.

  4. Remarks: ex Rolán Collection. The holotype is MNCN 15.05/15817, and additional paratypes are in BMNH, MNHN, ZMA, and the collection of E. Rolán (Templado and Rolán, 1993: 13).

Crisilla luquei Templado and Rolán, 1993: 7–9, figs. 3, 9, 17, 21

  1. Paratype: AMNH 269291 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: 8 m, Fuma, Brava Island, Cape Verde Islands, Portugal, Atlantic Ocean.

  3. Collector: Unknown.

  4. Remarks: ex Rolán Collection. The holotype is MNCN 15.05/15815, and additional paratypes are in BMNH, MNHN, ZMA, and the collection of E. Rolán (Templado and Rolán, 1993: 7).

Crisilla morenoi Templado and Rolán, 1993: 11–13, figs. 5, 12, 20, 23, 29

  1. Paratypes: AMNH 269293 (2 specimens).

  2. Locality: 4 m, Palmeira, Sal Island, Cape Verde Islands, Portugal, Atlantic Ocean.

  3. Collector: Unknown.

  4. Remarks: ex Rolán Collection. The holotype is MNCN 15.05/15816, and additional paratypes are in BMNH, MNCN, MNHN, ZMA, and the collection of E. Rolán (Templado and Rolán, 1993: 11).

Crisilla orteai Templado and Rolán, 1993: 14–15, figs. 7, 14–15, 25

  1. Paratypes: AMNH 269295 (2 specimens).

  2. Locality: 1–10 m, Regona, Sal Island, Cape Verde Islands, Portugal, Atlantic Ocean.

  3. Collector: Unknown.

  4. Remarks: ex Rolán Collection. The holotype is MNCN 15.05/15818, and additional paratypes are in BMNH, MNCN, MNHN, ZMA, and the collection of E. Rolán (Templado and Rolán, 1993: 14).

Crisilla vidali Templado and Rolán, 1993: 15–17, figs. 8, 16, 26

  1. Paratype: AMNH 269296 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: 50 m, between Branco and Raso Islands, Cape Verde Islands, Portugal, Atlantic Ocean.

  3. Collector: Unknown.

  4. Remarks: ex Rolán Collection. The holotype is MNCN 15.05/15819, and additional paratypes are in BMNH, MNCN, MNHN, ZMA, and the collection of E. Rolán (Templado and Rolán, 1993: 15).

Crocidopoma (Crocidopoma) zayasi Alcalde and Jacobson, 1959: 112, pl. 12, figs. 1–2

  1. Paratype: AMNH 79826 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: Anse a L'Eau, Department du Sud, Haiti.

  3. Collector: O. Alcalde Ledon and F. de Zayas, July 1951.

  4. Remarks: The holotype is in the collection of O. Alcalde (Alcalde and Jacobson, 1959: 112).

Cryoturris cruzana Usticke, 1969: 29, pl. 6, fig. 1204

  1. Holotype: AMNH 192518.

  2. Locality: St. Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands, Atlantic Ocean.

  3. Collector: Unknown.

  4. Remarks: ex Usticke Collection #1204/1197. AMNH 192518 is the holotype by monotypy. Usticke (1971: 26) changed his catalog number for this taxon from #1204 to #1197 without explanation. This taxon may be a synonym of Glyphoturris quadrata (Reeve, 1846) (Faber, 1988: 76).

Ctenopoma torreianum “Gundlach” Arango y Molina, 1878: 18

  1. Syntype: AMNH 65405 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: Mogote de Ceiba Mocha, Matanzas, Cuba.

  3. Collector: A. de la Torre.

  4. Remarks: ex Torre. An additional syntype is USNM 355529 (Torre and Bartsch, 1941: 144, pl. 10, fig. 1). This taxon is the type of the genus Torrella Henderson and Bartsch, 1920, by original designation, as T. (T.) torreiana (Henderson and Bartsch, 1920: 69).

Cyathopoma africanum Pilsbry, 1919: 328–329, text fig. 163

  1. Syntype: AMNH 2110 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: 01°20′N, 27°40′E, Avakubi, Belgian Congo [Zaire], Africa.

  3. Collector: J. Bequaert, 1909–1915.

  4. Remarks: The repository of the additional syntype is unknown.

Cyclostoma amabile C. B. Adams, 1849b: 2

  1. Paralectotypes: AMNH 163170 (4 specimens).

  2. Locality: Jamaica.

  3. Collector: Unknown.

  4. Remarks: ex C. B. Adams via T. Bland via Gulick Collection. The lectotype was selected as MCZ 275959 and figured by Jacobson and Boss (1973: 446, pl. 55, fig. 10).

Cyclostoma armatum C. B. Adams, 1849b: 10–11

  1. Paralectotypes: AMNH 163190 (8 specimens).

  2. Locality: Jamaica.

  3. Collector: Unknown.

  4. Remarks: ex C. B. Adams via T. Bland via Gulick Collection. The lectotype was selected as MCZ 186245 and figured by Jacobson and Boss (1973: 518, pl. 91, fig. 17).

Cyclostoma augustae C. B. Adams, 1849b: 7–8

  1. Paralectotypes: AMNH 163183 (2 specimens), 163184 (2 specimens; “var. c”), 163185 (5 specimens; “var. d”), 163186 (2 specimens; “var. a”). 163187 (2 specimens; “var. b”).

  2. Locality: Jamaica.

  3. Collector: Unknown.

  4. Remarks: ex C. B. Adams via T. Bland via Gulick Collection. The lectotype was selected as MCZ 275906 and figured by Jacobson and Boss (1973: 518, pl. 91, fig. 11). Each of the AMNH lots is labeled with a different “variety” letter, but C. B. Adams (1849b: 8) mentioned only “var. a” in his publication.

Cyclostoma avena C. B. Adams, 1849b: 6

  1. Paralectotypes: AMNH 163189 (2 specimens).

  2. Locality: Jamaica.

  3. Collector: Unknown.

  4. Remarks: ex C. B. Adams via T. Bland via Gulick Collection. The lectotype was selected as MCZ 186217 and figured by Jacobson and Boss (1973: 518, pl. 91, fig. 12).

Cyclostoma blandianum C. B. Adams, 1849b: 3

  1. Paralectotypes: AMNH 163175 (3 specimens), 163188 (4 specimens).

  2. Locality: Jamaica.

  3. Collector: Unknown.

  4. Remarks: ex MCZ (AMNH 163175) and ex C. B. Adams via T. Bland via Gulick Collection (AMNH 163188). The lectotype was selected as MCZ 275975 and figured by Jacobson and Boss (1973: 448, pl. 56, fig. 7).

Cyclostoma bronnii C. B. Adams, 1845: 11

  1. Paralectotypes: AMNH 163179 (2 specimens).

  2. Locality: Jamaica.

  3. Collector: C. B. Adams, Feb.–March 1844.

  4. Remarks: ex C. B. Adams via T. Bland via Gulick Collection. The lectotype was selected as MCZ 177149 and figured by Jacobson and Boss (1973: 456, pl. 60, fig. 1). This taxon is placed in the genus Licina Gray, 1847 (Richardson et al., 1991: 96).

Cyclostoma chittyi C. B. Adams, 1849b: 1

  1. Paralectotypes: AMNH 163169 (2 specimens).

  2. Locality: Jamaica.

  3. Collector: Unknown.

  4. Remarks: ex C. B. Adams via T. Bland via Gulick Collection. The lectotype was selected as MCZ 275962 and figured by Jacobson and Boss (1973: 448, pl. 56, fig. 4).

Cyclostoma crenulosum C. B. Adams, 1849b: 12–13

  1. Paralectotypes: AMNH 163191 (2 specimens).

  2. Locality: Jamaica.

  3. Collector: Unknown.

  4. Remarks: ex C. B. Adams via T. Bland via Gulick Collection. The lectotype was selected as MCZ 275912 and figured by Jacobson and Boss (1973: 456, pl. 60, fig. 7). This taxon is placed in the genus Chondropoma Pfeiffer, 1847 (Richardson et al., 1991: 101).

Cyclostoma distortum Haines, 1855: 158, pl. 5, figs. 5–8

  1. Syntype: AMNH 62467 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: Siam [= Thailand].

  3. Collector: Unknown.

  4. Remarks: ex Haines Collection.

Cyclostoma fecundum C. B. Adams, 1849b: 11

  1. Paralectotypes: AMNH 163192 (14 specimens).

  2. Locality: Jamaica.

  3. Collector: Unknown.

  4. Remarks: ex C. B. Adams via T. Bland via Gulick Collection. The lectotype was selected as MCZ 186235 and figured by Jacobson and Boss (1973: 452, pl. 58, fig. 10).

Cyclostoma granosum C. B. Adams, 1850b: 93

  1. Paralectotypes: AMNH 163177 (2 specimens).

  2. Locality: Jamaica.

  3. Collector: Unknown.

  4. Remarks: ex C. B. Adams via T. Bland via Gulick Collection. Jacobson and Boss (1973: 454, pl. 59, fig. 4) illustrated MCZ 276016 and cited it as the “holotype.” Because C. B. Adams (1850b) did not designate a holotype, Jacobson and Boss's (1973) action constituted an inadvertent lectotype designation.

Cyclostoma hillianum C. B. Adams, 1845: 11

  1. Paralectotypes: AMNH 163199 (13 specimens), 163168 (2 specimens).

  2. Locality: Jamaica.

  3. Collector: C. B. Adams, Feb.–March 1844.

  4. Remarks: ex C. B. Adams via T. Bland via Gulick Collection. The lectotype was selected as MCZ 275971 and figured by Jacobson and Boss (1973: 446, pl. 55, fig. 7).

Cyclostoma (Pterocyclos) housei Haines, 1855: 157, pl. 5, figs. 12–15

  1. Syntypes: AMNH 42923 (5 specimens).

  2. Locality: Siam [= Thailand].

  3. Collector: Unknown.

  4. Remarks: ex Haines Collection. This taxon is the type of the genus Rhiostoma Benson, 1860, as the senior synonym of R. haughtoni Benson, 1860 (Abbott, 1989: 42).

Cyclostoma lima C. B. Adams, 1845: 11

  1. Paralectotypes: AMNH 163171 (2 specimens).

  2. Locality: Jamaica.

  3. Collector: C. B. Adams, Feb.–March 1844.

  4. Remarks: ex C. B. Adams via T. Bland via Gulick Collection. The lectotype was selected as MCZ 185172 and figured by Jacobson and Boss (1973: 448, pl. 56, fig. 9).

Cyclostoma maculosa Jay, 1839: 122, pl. 7, figs. 9–10

  1. Syntype: AMNH 56086 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: “Unknown” (Jay, 1839: 122); “Sumatra” (Jay, 1850: 260).

  3. Collector: Unknown.

  4. Remarks: ex Jay Collection #6014 (Jay, 1850). AMNH 56086 is labeled “type” in Jay's handwriting and is Jay's (1839) figured specimen (fig. 9 herein). The whereabouts of additional syntypes (if any) are unknown.

Cyclostoma multicarinata Jay, 1839: 122, figs. 7–8

  1. Syntypes?: AMNH 56102 (3 specimens).

  2. Locality: “Unknown” (Jay, 1839: 122); “Seychelles” (Jay, 1850: 258).

  3. Collector: Unknown.

  4. Remarks: ex Jay Collection #5950 (Jay, 1850). None of these specimens is labeled as “type” or “fig d. type” in Jay's handwriting. Because none of the specimens is labeled and because Jay (1839) did not cite the specific number of specimens in his type series, it is unclear whether any of these specimens are actually syntypes, although this is likely.

Cyclostoma multilineata Jay, 1839: 123, pl. 7, figs. 12–13

  1. Syntype: AMNH 56087 (1 specimen).

  2. ?Syntypes: AMNH 56087a (2 specimens).

  3. Locality: “Unknown” (Jay, 1839: 123); “Madagascar” (Jay, 1850: 256).

  4. Collector: Unknown.

  5. Remarks: ex Jay Collection #5869 (Jay, 1850). AMNH 56087 is labeled “type” in Jay's handwriting and is Jay's (1839) figured specimen (fig. 10 herein). Because Jay (1839) did not cite the specific number of specimens in his type series, it is unclear whether any of the specimens in AMNH 56087a are actually syntypes, although this is likely.

Cyclostoma (Megalomastoma) myersii Haines, 1855: 157, pl. 5, figs. 9–11

  1. Syntypes: AMNH 43629 (2 specimens).

  2. Locality: Siam [= Thailand].

  3. Collector: Unknown.

  4. Remarks: ex Haines Collection.

Cyclostoma nitens C. B. Adams, 1849b: 8

  1. Paralectotypes: AMNH 163172 (3 specimens).

  2. Locality: Jamaica.

  3. Collector: Unknown.

  4. Remarks: ex C. B. Adams via T. Bland via Gulick Collection. The lectotype was selected as MCZ 186228 and figured by Jacobson and Boss (1973: 450, pl. 57, fig. 1).

Cyclostoma papyraceum C. B. Adams, 1850b: 92

  1. Paralectotypes: AMNH 163193 (2 specimens).

  2. Locality: Jamaica.

  3. Collector: Unknown.

  4. Remarks: ex C. B. Adams via T. Bland via Gulick Collection. The lectotype was selected as MCZ 186251 and illustrated by Jacobson and Boss (1973: 450, pl. 57, fig. 7).

Cyclostoma redfieldianum C. B. Adams, 1849b: 10

  1. Paralectotypes: AMNH 163174 (3 specimens).

  2. Locality: Jamaica.

  3. Collector: Unknown.

  4. Remarks: ex C. B. Adams via T. Bland via Gulick Collection. Jacobson and Boss (1973: 452, pl. 58, fig. 6) cited the “holotype” as MCZ 275994. Because C. B. Adams (1849b) did not designate a holotype, Jacobson and Boss's (1973) action constituted a lectotype designation.

Cyclostoma solidum C. B. Adams, 1849b: 7

  1. Paralectotypes: AMNH 163173 (6 specimens).

  2. Locality: Jamaica.

  3. Collector: Unknown.

  4. Remarks: ex C. B. Adams via T. Bland via Gulick Collection. The lectotype was selected as MCZ 275979 and figured by Jacobson and Boss (1973: 500, pl. 82, fig. 4). Cyclostoma jayanum C. B. Adams, 1850a (p. 50), is a replacement name for C. solidum C. B. Adams, 1849b, non Menke in Martini and Chemnitz, 1848.

Cyclostoma viridescens Pease, 1861: 243–244

  1. Syntypes: AMNH 16662 (2 specimens).

  2. Locality: Huaheine, Society Islands.

  3. Collector: W. H. Pease.

  4. Remarks: This species is placed in the genus Blanfordia A. Adams, 1863.

Cyclotheca [sic] pacei Petuch, 1987: 22, pl. 4, figs. 6–7

  1. Paratype: AMNH 237982 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: On back of Chlamys sentis (Reeve, 1853), 1 m, beneath MacArthur Causeway Bridge, Biscayne Bay, Dade Co., Florida, United States, Atlantic Ocean.

  3. Collector: R. Pace, June 7, 1984.

  4. Remarks: ex Sunderland Collection. The holotype is USNM 859816, and additional paratypes are USNM 859817 and in the collections of R. Pace and K. Sunderland (Petuch, 1987: 22). The genus is correctly cited as Cyclothyca Stearns, 1891.

Cylindrella (?) pygmaea C. B. Adams, 1845: 14

  1. Paralectotypes: AMNH 16621 (4 specimens), 16694 (33 specimens), 16695 (6 specimens).

  2. Locality: Jamaica.

  3. Collector: C. B. Adams, Feb.–March 1844.

  4. Remarks: ex Jay Collection (AMNH 16621, 16695) and Haines Collection (AMNH 16694). The lectotype was designated as MCZ 156155 by Clench and Turner (1948c: 205). This taxon is placed in the genus Geomelania Pfeiffer, 1845, and the subgenus Merrilliana Clench and Turner, 1948 (Clench and Turner, 1948c: 180).

Cyllene cernohorskyi Fernandes and Rolán, 1992b: 51–52, figs. 3–4, 6

  1. Paratype: AMNH 226442 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: 10–20 m, Palmeirinhas Point, South Luanda, Angola, Atlantic Ocean.

  3. Collector: F. Fernandes, 1987.

  4. Remarks: ex Rolán Collection. The holotype is in MNCN, and additional paratypes are in AMNZ, BMNH, MNHN, NMSA, ZMA, ZMC, and the collections of F. Fernandes and E. Rolán (Fernandes and Rolán, 1992b: 51).

Cymatium (Ranularia) boschi Abbott and Lewis, 1970: 87–88, figs. 1–6

  1. Paratypes: AMNH 139206 (4 speciemens), 245764 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: Al Masirah Island, Oman, Indian Ocean.

  3. Collector: Unknown (AMNH 139206); D. Bosch, 1969 (AMNH 245764).

  4. Remarks: ex Bosch Collection (AMNH 245764). The holotype is DMNH 22862, and the additional paratype is ANSP 139206 (Abbott and Lewis, 1970: 88). This taxon is placed in the subgenus Ranularia Schumacher, 1817 (Bosch et al., 1995: 99).

Cymatium cruzana Usticke, 1959: 60

  1. Syntypes: lost.

  2. Locality: St. Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands, Atlantic Ocean.

  3. Collector: Unknown.

  4. Remarks: This taxon was never figured by Usticke (1959; 1969; 1971). The syntypes are not in AMNH and are considered lost. This taxon is a synonym of C. (Monoplex) aquatile (Reeve, 1844) (Henning and Hemmen, 1993: 61).

Cymatium (Monoplex) penniketi Beu, 1998: 93, figs. 23j, 28a–j, 29e, h

  1. Paratype: AMNH 226540 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: Masirah Island, Oman, Indian Ocean.

  3. Collector: D. and E. Bosch.

  4. Remarks: The holotype is in MNHN, and additional paratypes are AMS C202739, BMNH 1996033, NZGS WM13281, WM13512, USNM 880223, and in MNHN (Beu, 1998: 93).

Cymatium (Lotoria) perryi Emerson and Old, 1963: 7–10, figs. 2, 4, 6

  1. Holotype: AMNH 92899.

  2. Paratype: AMNH 92898 (1 specimen).

  3. Locality: Ceylon (AMNH 92899); 12 mi north of Trincomale (AMNH 92898), Ceylon (= Sri Lanka), Indian Ocean.

  4. Collector: R. Jonklass, 1953 (AMNH 92899); E. H. Taylor, “World War II” (AMNH 92898).

  5. Remarks: Additional paratypes are ANSP 209812 and 210667 (Emerson and Old, 1963: 10). This species is the type of the subgenus Lotoria Emerson and Old, 1963, by original designation (Emerson and Old, 1963: 4).

Cymatium raderi D'Attilio and Myers, 1984b: 33–34, figs. 7–12

  1. Paratype: AMNH 182782 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: off Tobago, Trinidad and Tobago, Atlantic Ocean.

  3. Collector: S. Weiss.

  4. Remarks: The holotype is SDNHM 81627, and additional paratypes are SDNHM 81628 and in the collections of L. Bibbey and J. Rader (D'Attilio and Myers, 1984b: 34).

Cymatosyrinx roseola Hertlein and Strong, 1955: 221–222, pl. 2, fig. 27

  1. Paratypes: AMNH 73438 (2 specimens).

  2. Locality: Sta. 81, 10–15 fathoms, 00°32′00″S, 80°31′00″W, off Cape Pasado, Ecuador, Pacific Ocean.

  3. Collector: Askoy Expedition, April 14, 1941.

  4. Remarks: The holotype is CASIZ 9893, and additional paratypes are CASIS 9894 (Hertlein and Strong, 1955: 222). This taxon is placed in the genus Drillia Gray, 1838 (Keen, 1971: 703).

Cymbovula queenslandica C. Cate, 1974: 382, fig. 2

  1. Paratypes: AMNH 204856 (2 specimens).

  2. Locality: 22°07′S, 149°32′E, Clairview, Queensland, Australia, Pacific Ocean.

  3. Collector: J. Howland.

  4. Remarks: ex Cate Collection #4026 (possibly also #3981; see below). The holotype is AM C.92106 (C. Cate, 1974: 382). C. Cate (1974: 382) cited 3 paratypes, all in his collection (#3981, 4016, 4026). Because AMNH 204856 contains 2 specimens, either Cate Collection #4026 actually was 2 specimens or, more likely, the 10.4-mm specimen in AMNH 204856 is actually ex C. Cate #3981. The current repository of the additional paratype is unknown.

Cyphoma rhomba C. Cate, 1978: 164–165, figs. 7–8

  1. Paratype: AMNH 204854 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: 18–29 m, 27°00′N, 80°00W, Ft. Lauderdale, Broward Co., Florida, United States, Atlantic Ocean.

  3. Collector: W. Chapman, Feb. 20, 1971.

  4. Remarks: ex Cate Collection #3891. The holotype is LACM 1792 (C. Cate, 1978: 165).

Cypraea burgessi Kay, 1981: 112–113, figs. 1a–d, 3a

  1. Paratypes: AMNH 213474 (1 specimen), 221826 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: 20 fathoms, Lysan Island (AMNH 213474), Pearl and Hermes Reef (AMNH 221826), Hawaii, United States, Pacific Ocean.

  3. Collector: Pele Expedition, 1948.

  4. Remarks: ex Burgess Collection. The holotype is BPBM 9903, and additional paratypes are in BPBM, USNM, and the collections of C. Burgess, S. Jazwinski, and R. Schmeltz (Kay, 1981: 112–113). This taxon is a synonym of Blasicrura latior (Melvill, 1888) (Lorenz and Hubert, 1993: 164).

Cypraea cernica marielae C. Cate, 1960a: 3–6, pl. 1, figs. 1–2

  1. Paratypes: AMNH 203864 (1 specimen), 203865a (1 specimen), 203865b (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: 50 fathoms, 20°57′N, 156°47′W, between Maui and Lanai Islands (AMNH 203864); 80 fathoms, 21°17′N, 157°54′W, Keehi Lagoon, Oahu (AMNH 203865a, 203865b), Hawaii, Pacific Ocean.

  3. Collector: “Pele” Expedition, 1959.

  4. Remarks: ex Cate Collection (AMNH 203864) and ex C. Weaver Collection via Cate Collection (AMNH 203865a, 203865b). AMNH 203864 is C. Cate's (1960a: 6, pl. 1, figs. 2, 2a) “paratype 1.” AMNH 203865a and 203865b are C. Cate's (1960a: 6) “paratype 3” and “paratype 4,” respectively. The holotype is BPBM 212711, and the additional 2 paratypes were in the collections of C. Weaver and M. King (current repository unknown) (C. Cate, 1960a: 6). This taxon is a synonym of Erosaria cernica (Sowerby, 1870) (Lorenz and Hubert, 1993: 195).

Cypraea cernica viridicolor C. Cate, 1962a: 175–176, pl. 40, figs. 1–9

  1. Paratypes: AMNH 203866a (1 specimen), 203866b (1 specimen), 203867a (1 specimen), 203867b (1 specimen), 203868a (1 specimen), 203868b (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: 21°50′S, 114°10′E, Vlaming Head, NW cape, Western Australia, Pacific Ocean.

  3. Collector: A. R. Whitworth, 1960.

  4. Remarks: ex Cate Collection. AMNH 203866a is C. Cate's (1962a: 177, pl. 40, fig. 8) “paratype 1”; AMNH 203866b is C. Cate's (1962a: 177, pl. 40, fig. 9) “paratype 2”; AMNH 203867a is C. Cate's (1962a: 177, pl. 40, fig. 3) “paratype 3”; AMNH 203867b is C. Cate's (1962a: 177, pl. 40, fig. 4) “paratype 4”; AMNH 203868a is C. Cate's (1962a: 177, fig. 5) “paratype 5”; AMNH 203868b is C. Cate's (1962a: 177, pl. 40, fig. 7) “paratype 7.” The holotype is SU 9506, and “paratype 6” was in the Cate Collection (current repository unknown) (C. Cate, 1962a: 177). This taxon is placed in the genus Erosaria Troschel, 1863 (Lorenz and Hubert, 1993: 195).

Cypraea connelli Liltved, 1983: 234–235, pl. 1, text fig. 1

  1. Paratype: AMNH 259700 (1 specimen) AMNH 301382 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: 96 m, off Sandy Point, Transkei, South Africa (AMNH 259700), 130–140m, Coral rubble, off Part Rynie, Natal (AMNH 301382); Indian Ocean.

  3. Collector: A. Connell, 1981.

  4. Remarks: ex Mal de Mar via D. Fleischner Collection (AMNH 259700), C. M. Burgess via Dunlap Collection (AMNH 301382). The holotype is NM B.4861, and additional paratypes are NM C.277, C.337, C.897, C.970, SAM (SAMC) A.35850, and in the collection of T. Kelmscott (Liltved, 1983: 236). This taxon is placed in the genus Cypraeovula Gray, 1824 (Lorenz and Hubert, 1993: 97).

Cypraea cruenta “var.” greegori Ford, 1893: 112–113

  1. Syntype: AMNH 186626 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: “Ceylon” [Sri Lanka, Indian Ocean] (Ford, 1894: 312).

  3. Collector: Unknown.

  4. Remarks: ex J. Ford via R. Summers. This taxon was also described as “Cypraea Greegori Ford n. sp.” (Ford, 1894: 311), a junior synonym and homonym. The repository of additional syntypes is unknown. This taxon was figured by [Pilsbry] (1893: pl. 2, figs. 4–5) and Ford (1894: unnumbered figure). This taxon is a synonym of Erronea coloba (Melvill, 1888) (Lorenz and Hubert, 1993: 142).

Cypraea (Blasicrura) dayritiana C. Cate, 1963: 141–142, pl. 15, figs. 1, 1a, 2, 2a

  1. Paratype: AMNH 203885 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: 6 ft, Cagbatan Island, Calamian Group, North Palawan, Philippines, Pacific Ocean.

  3. Collector: F. G. Dayrit, May 19, 1962.

  4. Remarks: ex Cate Collection #1648. The holotype is NMM NMCO-6766, and the 8 additional paratypes are “variously in the collections of Norton, Lee, Cate [now AMNH], the National Museum, Manila” (C. Cate, 1963: 141), and MCZ 249640 (ex NMM). AMNH 203886 (ex Cate Collection #2351) and AMNH 203887 (ex Cate Collection #2405), previously considered paratypes, do not match any of the paratype measurements given by C. Cate (1963: 142), and are not here considered to be part of the type series. This taxon is retained in the genus Blasicrura Iredale, 1930 (Lorenz and Hubert, 1993: 162).

Cypraea englerti Summers and Burgess, 1965: 41–42, pl. 4, figs. i–l

  1. Paratype: AMNH 148004 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: Easter Island, Chile, Pacific Ocean.

  3. Collector: S. Englert.

  4. Remarks: ex Summers Collection. The holotype is BPBM 8909 (Summers and Burgess, 1965: 41). This taxon is placed in the genus Erosaria Troschel, 1863 (Lorenz and Hubert, 1993: 203).

Cypraea (Lyncina) leviathan gedlingae C. Cate, 1968: 227, pl. 26, fig. 28

  1. Paratypes: AMNH 204451 (1 specimen), 204452 (1 specimen), 204453 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: Vlaming Head, Northwest Cape, Western Australia, Pacific Ocean.

  3. Collector: M. Gelding.

  4. Remarks: ex Cate Collection #3537 (AMNH 204452) and #3195 (AMNH 204453). Although AMNH 204451 lacks a C. Cate label with his catalog number, it is from his collection and the type locality, and is undoubtedly a paratype. The holotype is WAM 334–67 (C. Cate, 1968: 227). The number of paratypes was not specified, and the repository of additional ones, if any, is unknown. This taxon is a synonym of Lyncina leviathan titan Schilder and Schilder, 1962 (Lorenz and Hubert, 1993: 70).

Cypraea mauiensis Burgess, 1967: 6–11, pl. 2

  1. Paratypes: AMNH 138199 (2 specimens), 186630 (2 specimens), 220744 (2 specimens).

  2. Locality: 2–4 ft, 20°48.5′N, 156°37.3′W, under Porites coral, Olowalu, Maui, Hawaii, United States, Pacific Ocean.

  3. Collector: C. M. Burgess, July 1966 (AMNH 138199), Sept. 1963 (AMNH 186630, AMNH 220744).

  4. Remarks: The holotype is BPBM 8916, and additional paratypes are in AMNZ, AMS, ANSP, BBM, BMNH, CUMZ, MCZ, MONA, MPMP, NMV, NZSI, RMNH, USNM, WAMP, ZMUC, and the collections of several unspecified individuals (Burgess, 1967: 7–8). This taxon is placed in the genus Pustularia Swainson, 1840 (Lorenz and Hubert, 1993: 220).

Cypraea polita Roberts, 1868: 70, pl. 15, figs. 1–3

  1. Syntypes: AMNH 22815 (3 specimens).

  2. Locality: “Sandwich Islands?” (= Hawaii, United States, Pacific Ocean).

  3. Collector: Unknown.

  4. Remarks: ex Witthaus Collection. Additional syntypes are in ANSP (Roberts, 1868: 70). This taxon is a synonym of Erosaria semiplota (Mighels, 1845) (Lorenz and Hubert, 1993: 212).

Cypraea saulae siasiensis C. Cate, 1960b: 36, pl. 5, figs. 2–6

  1. Paratype: AMNH 203889 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: 05°32′N, 120°52′E, Punnungan Island, Siasi, Philippines, Pacific Ocean.

  3. Collector: F. G. Dayrit, Jan. 1959.

  4. Remarks: ex Cate Collection. AMNH 203889 is C. Cate's (1960b: 35, pl. 5, fig. 3) “paratype 1.” The holotype is BPBM 212719, and the additional 2 paratypes were in the collection of C. Cate (current repository unknown) (C. Cate, 1960b: 35). This taxon is a synonym of Palmadusta saulae (Gaskoin, 1843) (Lorenz and Hubert, 1993: 157).

Cypraea semiplota Mighels, 1845: 24

  1. Syntypes: AMNH 22824 (9 specimens).

  2. Locality: Oahu, Hawaii, United States, Pacific Ocean.

  3. Collector: Unknown.

  4. Remarks: ex Pease Collection via Witthaus Collection. The repository of additional syntypes is unknown. This taxon was figured by Roberts (1885: 194–195, pl. 19, figs. 31, 36–37). Johnson (1949: 229, pl. 27, fig. 1) selected a “neoholotype” (= neotype): MCZ 176989. Catalog books deposited in the AMNH by Witthaus list these specimens (AMNH 22824) as “type species” received from Pease. Cypraea semiplota is not the type species of any cypraeid genus-level taxon; therefore, we conclude that Witthaus was actually referring to “type specimens.” Johnson's “neoholotype” is hereby supressed by the rediscovery of this type material. This taxon is placed in the genus Erosaria Troschel, 1863 (Lorenz and Hubert, 1993: 212).

Cypraea tigris schilderiana C. Cate, 1961: 108, pl. 19, figs. 1–2

  1. Paratypes: AMNH 196004 (1 specimen), 196005 (1 specimen), 203851 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: 30 ft, Waialua Bay (AMNH 196004); 35 ft, off reef in Maunalua Bay, off Koko Head Point (AMNH 196005); 8 ft, Keei (AMNH 203851), Oahu, Hawaii, Pacific Ocean.

  3. Collector: R. Gage (AMNH 196004), A. Kekoa, Jr. (AMNH 196005), C. Weaver, Jan. 15, 1958 (AMNH 203851).

  4. Remarks: ex Cate Collection #1998, #1999, and #2004. AMNH 196004 is C. Cate's (1961: 109) “paratype 9”; AMNH 196005 is C Cate's (1961: 109) “paratype 10”; AMNH 203851 is C. Cate's (1961: 109) “paratype 8.” The holotype is BPBM 212885, and paratypes 2, 4, 5, and 7 are in USNM, the Schilder Collection (current repository unknown), BMNH, and MCZ, respectively. The current repository of paratypes 1, 3, and 6 is unknown. This taxon is a synonym of C. tigris Linnaeus, 1758 (Lorenz and Hubert, 1993: 65).

Cypraea (Notocypraea) trenberthae Trenberth, 1961: 1–2, fig. 1

  1. Paratype: AMNH 213442 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: Tunmy Bay, South Australia, Australia, Pacific Ocean.

  3. Collector: W. P. Trenberth.

  4. Remarks: ex Summers Collection (paratype #4). The holotype is SAM D.14616, and additional paratypes are in the Trenberth Collection and the Malacological Society of Australia Collection (Trenberth, 1961: 2). This taxon is a synonym of Notocypraea comptonii (Gray, 1847) (Lorenz and Hubert, 1993: 100).

Cypraea undata “var.” buttoni Oldroyd, 1916: 107–108

  1. Paratype: AMNH 44439 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: Fiji, Pacific Ocean.

  3. Collector: Unknown.

  4. Remarks: ex Oldroyd Collection. The holotype is in SU (Oldroyd, 1916: 108). Although described as a “new variety,” this taxon has been repeatedly treated at the species level (Burgess, 1970: 94; Burgess, 1985: 129; Lorenz and Hubert, 1993: 153). Because this satisfies the requirements of ICZN Article 45(g)(1), this taxon is treated at the subspecific level herein, and a type series is accordingly recognized. This taxon is a synonym of C. diluculum Reeve, 1845 (Lorenz and Hubert, 1993: 153).

Cystiscus bubistae Fernandes, 1987: 263–265, fig. 2

  1. Holotype: AMNH 225992.

  2. Locality: 1–3 m, Gatas Bay, Boavista Island, Cape Verde Archipelago, Portugal, Atlantic Ocean.

  3. Collector: F. Fernandes, May 27, 1986.

  4. Remarks: ex Rolán Collection. Paratypes are in BMNH, CZL, MNHN, the Cabo Verde Museum, and the collections of I. Felix-Alves, F. Fernandes, J. Messias, M. Pin, E. Rolán, and P. Ryall (Fernandes, 1987: 264–265). [Fernandes] (1987: 334) changed the specific name to Cysticus bubistaensis, an unjustified emendation.

‘Cystiscus’ gutta Gofas and Fernandes, 1988: 17–19, figs. 19–20, pl. 2a

  1. Paratypes: AMNH 238669 (2 specimens).

  2. Locality: 3–5 m, Esprainha Beach, São Tomé, São Tomé and Principe, Atlantic Ocean.

  3. Collector: F. Fernandes, Nov. 23, 1986.

  4. Remarks: ex Fernandes Collection. The holotype is in MNHN, and additional paratypes are in IIT, MNHN, NMW, and the collection of F. Fernandes (Gofas and Fernandes, 1988: 17). The generic classification is only provisional (Gofas and Fernandes, 1988: 17).

Cystiscus palantirulus Roth and Coan, 1968: 66–67, pl. 7, figs. 17–18

  1. Holotype: AMNH 128732.

  2. Paratypes: AMNH 77942 (2 specimens).

  3. Locality: Sta. 89, 20–40 fathoms, 23°21′N, 109°25′W, Los Frailes Bay, Baja California Sur, Mexico, Pacific Ocean.

  4. Collector: R/V “Puritan” Expedition, April 19, 1957.

  5. Remarks: The two lots cited above constitute the entire type series.

Daphnella barbadensis Usticke, 1969: 30, pl. 6, fig. 1222

  1. Holotype: AMNH 195474.

  2. Locality: Barbados, Atlantic Ocean.

  3. Collector: Unknown.

  4. Remarks: ex Usticke Collection #1222. AMNH 195474 is the holotype by monotypy. This taxon is a synonym of D. lymneiformis (Kiener, 1840) (Faber, 1988: 73).

Daphnella hayesi Usticke, 1959: 84, pl. 4, fig. 13

  1. Holotype: AMNH 195473.

  2. Locality: Long Reef, St. Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands, Atlantic Ocean.

  3. Collector: Unknown.

  4. Remarks: ex Usticke Collection #1221. AMNH 195473 is the holotype by monotypy. The type locality was given as “Ham Bay” by Usticke (1959: 84) but as cited above by Usticke (1969: 30).

Daphnella stegeri “var.” monocincta Usticke, 1969: 30, pl. 6, fig. 1224

  1. Holotype: lost.

  2. Locality: Antigua, Antigua and Barbuda, Atlantic Ocean.

  3. Collector: Unknown.

  4. Remarks: Although Usticke (1969: 30) cited this taxon as a “var.,” he listed it as a “n[ew] sp[ecies]” (1969: 30), treated it subspecifically in the index, and called it “Daphnella monocincta” in the figure caption. We consider this taxon to have been subspecifically described. Usticke's (1969: pl. 6, fig. 1224) figured specimen was the holotype by monotypy. It cannot be located in AMNH and is presumed lost. Usticke's (1969: 30) mention of the “Gulf of Mexico” as a locality for this taxon is a mystery.

Dendroconus morrisoni Raybaudi Massilia, 1991: 20–25, text figs. 20–25, 25d

  1. Paratypes: AMNH 232181 (2 specimens).

  2. Locality: 12°20′S, 122°E, northeast corner of Ashmore Reef, Timor Sea, Western Australia, Pacific Ocean.

  3. Collector: Unknown, 1990.

  4. Remarks: The holotype is MHNG 16152, and additional paratypes are in WAMP and the collections of the G. Massilia, H. Morrison, and A. Nora (Raybaudi Massilia, 1991: 21). This taxon is a synonym of Conus catus Hwass in Bruguière, 1792 (Röckel et al., 1995: 103).

Dentiovula spectabilis C. Cate, 1975: 257, fig. 8

  1. Paratype: AMNH 204860 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: 10 fathoms, 34°00′N, 134°48′E, off Hinomisaki, Kii, Japan, Pacific Ocean.

  3. Collector: Unknown.

  4. Remarks: ex Cate Collection #4082. The holotype is LACM 1702 (C. Cate, 1975: 257).

Distichotyphis vemae Keen and Campbell, 1964: 56, pl. 11, figs. 45–47

  1. Holotype: AMNH 110459.

  2. Locality: Sta. V-15–60, 1892 m, 06°21′N, 85°17′W, off Panama–Costa Rica coast, Pacific Ocean.

  3. Collector: R/V “Vema,” Nov. 30, 1958.

  4. Remarks: This taxon is the type of the genus Distichotyphis Keen and Campbell, 1964, by monotypy (Keen and Campbell, 1964: 56).

Distorsio euconstricta Beu, 1986: 310–314, figs. 131–143, 145

  1. Paratype: AMNH 232233 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: 136 m, sponge rubble off Park Rynie, South Africa, Indian Ocean.

  3. Collector: R. Kilburn, March 5, 1981.

  4. Remarks: ex NMSA B3892. The holotype is USNM 718952, and additional paratypes are AMS C127392, C127393, C127394, MF 42428, NMSA C1569, C1664, B3945, B3658, C5454, C4575, B3813, B3892, NZOIT 682, USNM 718966, WAMP 13274, 13275, and in NMNZ and NZGS (Beu, 1986: 312, 314).

Distorsio graceiellae Parth, 1989a: 55, p. 55, unnumbered fig. (left 3 specimens); p. 56, unnumbered fig. (left 3 specimens); p. 57, unnumbered fig. (left specimen)

  1. Paratype: AMNH 246022 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: Cebu, Philippines, Pacific Ocean.

  3. Collector: Unknown.

  4. Remarks: ex Parth Collection. The holotype is in BMNH (Parth, 1991: 21), and the additional paratype is in the collection of M. Parth (Parth, 1989a: 56).

Distorsio (Distorsio) jenniernestae Emerson and Piech, 1992: 111–113, figs. 5–8, 16–18, 24

  1. Holotype: AMNH 232214.

  2. Paratypes: AMNH 232215 (3 specimens), 232215a (1 specimen).

  3. Locality: 73 m, between Isla Cébaco and Isla Coiba, Veraguas, Panama, Pacific Ocean.

  4. Collector: J. Ernest, 1991.

  5. Remarks: Additional paratypes are DMNH 189600, DSIR-GG WM 15345, USNM 860245, and in the collection of B. Piech (Emerson and Piech, 1992: 113). The AMNH paratype figured by Emerson and Piech (1992: figs. 7–8) has been segregated from AMNH 232215 as AMNH 232215A.

Distorsio minoruohnishii Parth, 1989c: 8–11, 2 unnumbered figs

  1. Paratype: AMNH 246024 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: Bay of Chiriqui, Panama, Pacific Ocean.

  3. Collector: Unknown.

  4. Remarks: ex Parth (paratype #2). The holotype is in BMNH (Parth, 1991: 21), and the repository of the additional 8 paratypes is unknown.

Distorsio ventricosa Kronenberg, 1994: 94–96, pl. 3, figs. 5–6; pl. 4, figs. 7–8; text figs. 24–25

  1. Paratype: AMNH 232525 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: Punta Engaño, Cebu, Philippines, Pacific Ocean.

  3. Collector: Unknown.

  4. Remarks: The holotype is ZMA Moll. 3.93.035, and additional paratypes are IGNS WM15422, NNM 56809, and in BMNH and the collections of H. Dekker and G. Kronenberg (Kronenberg, 1994: 94).

Dolium melanostomum Jay, 1839: 124–125, pls. 8–9

  1. Holotype: AMNH 56115.

  2. Locality: “Friendly Islands” [Tonga] (Jay, 1839: 124); “Pacific Ocean” (Jay, 1850: 357).

  3. Collector: “Natives” (Jay, 1839: 124).

  4. Remarks: ex Jay Collection #9132 (Jay, 1850). AMNH 56113 is labeled “type,” is Jay's (1839) figured specimen, and is the holotype by monotypy (fig. 11 herein). This species is placed in the genus Tonna Brünnich, 1772, as T. melanostoma (Abbott and Dance, 1982: 118).

Douglassia (Cerodrillia?) [sic] nodosa Usticke, 1969: 28, pl. 6, fig. 1131

  1. Lectotype: AMNH 195464.

  2. Locality: Marina Key, Virgin Gorda, British Virgin Islands, Atlantic Ocean.

  3. Collector: Unknown.

  4. Remarks: ex Usticke Collection #1131. Usticke (1971: 24) stated that this specimen was the holotype. Because Usticke (1969: 28) did not designate a holotype, Usticke's (1971) action constituted a lectotype designation. The repository of the paralectotypes is unknown; their existence is indicated by Usticke's (1969: 28) given size range for the taxon of 12–13.5 mm length.

Doxospira hertleini Shasky, 1971: 67–68, fig. 1

  1. Paratype: AMNH 164610 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: 77–112 m, 09°19′32″N, 84°29′30″W, 14 mi SSE of Judas Point, Costa Rica, Pacific Ocean.

  3. Collector: W. Beebe, March 1, 1938.

  4. Remarks: The holotype is CASIZ 13288, and additional paratypes are CASIZ 13289–13291, LACM 1565, and in SDMNH, USNM, and the collection of D. Shasky (Shasky, 1971: 68).

Drillia chaaci Espinosa and Rolán, 1995: 30–32, figs. 1–6

  1. Paratype: AMNH 226535 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: Puerto Morelos, Yucatan, Mexico, Atlantic Ocean.

  3. Collector: Unknown.

  4. Remarks: ex Rolán Collection. The holotype is MNCN 15.05/22391, and additional paratypes are in BMNH, IES, MNHN, UNAM, and the collection of E. Rolán (Espinosa and Rolán, 1995: 30).

Drillia inaequistriata Li, 1930: 275, pl. 8, fig. 71

  1. Holotype: AMNH 269094.

  2. Locality: Mouth of Rio Grande, in mud, 10–40 ft, 1 mi from mainland near La Boca, Panama Bay, Panama, Pacific Ocean.

  3. Collector: D. MacDonald, 1907.

  4. Remarks: ex Columbia University 22131. AMNH 269094 is the holotype by monotypy. The specific name was given by Li (1930) as both “inequistriata” (p. 251) and “inaequistriata” (pp. 275, 296). Pilsbry (1931: 434) exercised the right of first revisor and chose “inaequistriata” as the correct spelling, although he apparently did so unintentionally, because he never cited the alternate spelling. To further complicate matters, the species was listed as Clathrodrillia interstriata by Pilsbry (1931: 437, 440). This was an unjustified emendation corrected by Pilsbry to “inaequistriata” on an errata sheet tipped into some copies of his 1931 publication. This taxon is a synonym of Crassispira (C.) incrassata (Sowerby, 1834) (Keen, 1971: 715).

Drillia kleinrosa Usticke, 1969: 27, pl. 5, fig. 1099

  1. Holotype: AMNH 195458.

  2. Locality: Klein Bonaire, Atlantic Ocean.

  3. Collector: Unknown.

  4. Remarks: ex Usticke Collection #1099. AMNH 195458 is the holotype by monotypy. Usticke (1971: 22) changed his number for this taxon from #1099 to #1089 without explanation.

Drillia ponciana “var.” virgata Usticke, 1969: 27, pl. 5, fig. 1098

  1. Lectotype: AMNH 195457.

  2. Locality: Barbados, Atlantic Ocean.

  3. Collector: Unknown.

  4. Remarks: ex Usticke Collection #1098. Although Usticke (1969: 27) cited this taxon as a “var.,” he listed it as a “n[ew] sp[ecies]” (1969: 27), treated it subspecifically in the index, and called it “Drillia virgata” in the figure caption. We consider this taxon to have been subspecifically described. Usticke (1971: 22) introduced the unnecessary replacement name D. bandata for this taxon (see Faber, 1988: 72) and changed his catalog number for it from #1098 to #1088 without explanation. Usticke (1971: 22) stated that this specimen (now AMNH 195457) was the holotype. Because Usticke (1969: 27) did not designate a holotype, Usticke's (1971) action constituted a lectotype designation. The repository of the paralectotypes is unknown; their existence is indicated by Usticke's (1969: 27) given size range for the taxon of 8.5–9 mm length. The types of D. ponciana virgata and D. bandata are the same. The identity of this taxon is unclear, but it does not appear to be a Drillia Gray, 1838 (Faber, 1988: 72).

Drillia (Drillia) tumida McLean and Poorman, 1971: 97, fig. 17

  1. Paratype: AMNH 164604 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: 20–40 fathoms, 20°43′N, 105°25′W, Banderas Bay, Jalísco, Mexico, Pacific Ocean.

  3. Collector: G. Willett, Feb. 14, 1938.

  4. Remarks: The holotype is LACM 1492, and additional paratypes are LACM 1493, MCZ 278867, and in ANSP, CASIZ, SBMNH, SDNHM, SU, and USNM (McLean and Poorman, 1971: 97).

Drillia wolfei Tippett, 1995: 127–129, figs. 1, 28, 31

  1. Paratype: AMNH 226536 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: 15 km east of Cape Lookout, Carteret Co., North Carolina, United States, Atlantic Ocean.

  3. Collector: D. Wolfe, March–May 1971.

  4. Remarks: The holotype is USNM 880070, and additional paratypes are in ANSP, DMNH, IRSNB, LACM, MCZ, MNHN, MORG, NHM, NM, and the collections of D. Tippett and D. Wolfe (Tippett, 1995: 129).

Drupa ricinus hadari Emerson and Cernohorsky, 1973: 23, pl. 2, figs. 9–10; pl. 18

  1. Holotype: AMNH 166928.

  2. Paratypes: AMNH 112617 (7 specimens), 112617a (1 specimen), 112617b (1 specimen, alcohol).

  3. Locality: Eilat, Gulf of Aqaba, Israel, Red Sea.

  4. Collector: A. Hadar, 1961.

  5. Remarks: Additional paratypes are DMNH 51119 and in AIM and TAUI (Emerson and Cernohorsky, 1973: 24). Although Emerson and Cernohorsky (1973: 24) cited 8 paratypes in AMNH, 9 are present. The figured paratype (AMNH 112617A) and a specimen in alcohol (AMNH 112617B) retain their separate catalog numbers, but all of the other AMNH paratypes have been combined into a single lot.

Drupella minuta Fujioka, 1984: 45–46, pl. 1, figs. 1–6, 12–13; pl. 2, figs. 1–8

  1. Paratypes: AMNH 205837 (1 specimen), 205838 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: 26°39′N, 127°52′E, Sesoko Island, northwestern coast of Okinawa, Japan, Pacific Ocean.

  3. Collector: Unknown.

  4. Remarks: The holotype is MMBS 3413011, and the additional paratype is MMBS 3413012 (Fujioka, 1984: 46).

Duplicaria baileyi Bratcher and Cernohorsky, 1982: 64–65, figs. 5, 11

  1. Paratype: AMNH 206093 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: Batangas Island, Philippines, Pacific Ocean.

  3. Collector: Unknown.

  4. Remarks: ex Bratcher Collection via D. Dan. The holotype is LACM 1970, and additional paratypes are AM C132464, ANSP 352482, CASIZ 60674, MCZ 280426, MORG 21.275, NM (= MPMP) H-766, USNM 782262, and in the collections of T. Bratcher, W. Cernohorsky, and M. Morrow (Bratcher and Cernohorsky, 1982: 65).

Eatoniella (Eatoniella) latina Marincovich, 1973: 26–27, figs. 51, 57–58

  1. Paratypes: AMNH 172409 (5 specimens).

  2. Locality: 20°13′S, 70°10′W, Iquique, Chile, Pacific Ocean.

  3. Collector: L. Marincovich, Aug. 1964.

  4. Remarks: ex LACM #64–16. The holotype is LACM 1587, and additional paratypes are LACM 1588 and in AM, ANSP, CASIZ, SDNHM, and USNM (Marincovich, 1973: 27).

Eatonina (Saginofusca) atacamae Marincovich, 1973: 27, figs. 52, 59–60

  1. Paratypes: AMNH 172410 (25 specimens).

  2. Locality: 20°13′S, 70°10′W, Iquique, Chile, Pacific Ocean.

  3. Collector: L. Marincovich, Aug. 1964.

  4. Remarks: ex LACM #64–16. The holotype is LACM 1589, and additional paratypes are LACM 1590 and in AM, ANSP, CASIZ, SDNHM, and USNM (Marincovich, 1973: 27–28).

Eatonina martae Rolán and Templado, 1993: 196–197, fig. 4

  1. Paratypes: AMNH 269478 (5 specimens).

  2. Locality: 50 m, between Branco and Raso, Cape Verde Islands, Portugal, Atlantic Ocean.

  3. Collector: E. Rolán.

  4. Remarks: The holotype is MNCN 15.05/833, and additional paratypes are in BMNH, MNHN, RMNH, ZMA, and the collection of E. Rolán (Rolán and Templado, 1993: 196).

Echinus [sic] nodulosus “var.” major Usticke, 1969: 9–10, pl. 2, fig. 224

  1. Lectotype: AMNH 195411.

  2. Locality: Ham Bluff, St. Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands, Atlantic Ocean.

  3. Collector: Unknown.

  4. Remarks: ex Usticke Collection #224. Although Usticke (1969: 9) cited this taxon as a “var.,” he listed it as a “new s[ub] sp[ecies]” (1969: 9), treated it subspecifically in the index, and called it “Echinus major” in the figure caption. We consider this taxon to have been subspecifically described. Usticke (1971: 6) stated that this specimen (now AMNH 195411) was the holotype. Because Usticke (1969: 9–10) did not designate a holotype, Usticke's (1971) action constituted a lectotype designation. The repository of the paralectotypes is unknown; their existence is indicated by Usticke's (1969: 9) given size range for the taxon of 16–21 mm length. This taxon is a synonym of Nodolittorina (Tectinus) antoni (Philippi, 1846) (Faber, 1988: 83–84).

Engina ryalli Rolán and Fernandes, 1995a: 6–8, figs. 1–11

  1. Paratype: AMNH 277153 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: 2–5 m, Esprainha, São Tomé Island, São Tomé and Principe, Atlantic Ocean.

  3. Collector: Unknown.

  4. Remarks: ex Rolán Collection. The holotype is in MNCN, and additional paratypes are in BMNH, MNHN, and the collections of F. Fernandes and P. Ryall (Rolán and Fernandes, 1995a: 6).

Engina turbinella “var.” cruzana Usticke, 1959: 68–69

  1. Lectotype: AMNH 198494.

  2. Locality: West coast, St. Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands, Atlantic Ocean.

  3. Collector: Unknown.

  4. Remarks: ex Usticke Collection #790. Although Usticke cited this taxon as a “var.” (= variety) (1959: 68) and as a “form” (1959: 68), he first listed it (1959: vi) as “Engina turbinella cruzana” under the heading “new species and subspecies.” We consider this taxon to have been subspecifically described, but because Usticke (1959) did not designate a holotype, we herein select the specimen figured by Usticke (1969: pl. 2, fig. 789 [790]) as lectotype to fix the identity of this poorly defined taxon. The correct number of the figure given by Usticke (1969) for this taxon should be fig. 790, as shown by the species entry on p. 17. The repository of the paralectotypes is unknown; their existence is indicated by Usticke's (1959: 68) given size range for the taxon of 10–14 mm length. This taxon is a synonym of E. turbinella (Kiener, 1834) (Faber, 1988: 77).

Epitonium (Nitidiscala) arcanum DuShane, 1979: 379, fig. 1

  1. Paratypes: AMNH 189507 (4 specimens), 275628 (89 specimens).

  2. Locality: 30°20′02″N, 114°38′08″W, Puertecitos, Baja California Norte, Mexico, Pacific Ocean.

  3. Collector: H. DuShane, Oct. 1970.

  4. Remarks: ex DuShane Collection (AMNH 275628). The holotype is LACM 1264, and additional paratypes are in CASIZ, LACM, SBMNH, USNM, and the collections of T. Bratcher, R. Poorman, D. Shasky, and C. Skoglund (DuShane, 1979: 379). This taxon is placed in the subgenus Hyaloscala de Boury, 1889 (Weil et al., 1999: 148).

Epitonium (Nitidiscala) hancocki DuShane 1970a: 332, pl. 51, fig. 1

  1. Paratypes: AMNH 275623 (2 specimens).

  2. Locality: 112 fathoms, off north end of Isla Santa Cruz, Galápagos Islands, Ecuador, Pacific Ocean.

  3. Collector: J. DeRoy, July 22, 1969.

  4. Remarks: ex DuShane Collection. The holotype is LACM 1235, and additional paratypes are LACM 1238 and in the collection of J. DeRoy (DuShane, 1970a: 332). This taxon is placed in the subgenus Epitonium Röding, 1798 (Weil et al., 1999: 148).

Epitonium (Epitonium) hemmesi DuShane, 1988: 267, figs. 1–2

  1. Paratypes: AMNH 225995 (2 specimens), 275629 (3 specimens).

  2. Locality: 20–27 m, 21°28′N, 158°14.2′W, Lahilahi Point, near Makaha Beach, Oahu, Hawaii, United States, Pacific Ocean.

  3. Collector: D. Hemmes and S. Jazwinski, 1985–1986.

  4. Remarks: ex DuShane Collection (AMNH 275629). The holotype is BPBM 8987, and additional paratypes are BPBM 8988, LACM 2306, and in the collections of M. Goldsmith, D. Hemmes, and S. Jazwinski (DuShane, 1988: 267).

Epitonium (Asperiscala) macleani DuShane, 1970b: 3, fig. 2

  1. Paratypes: AMNH 275621 (2 specimens).

  2. Locality: 15–25 fathoms, 24°04′N, 109°49′W, off Punta Ventana, Baja California Sur, Mexico, Pacific Ocean.

  3. Collector: J. McLean, P. Orringer, and L. Marincovich on R/V “Sea Quest,” April 8, 1966.

  4. Remarks: ex DuShane Collection (1 specimen) and LACM 1198 (2 specimens). The holotype is LACM 1197, and additional paratypes are LACM 1198 (DuShane, 1970b: 3). This taxon is placed in the subgenus Limiscala de Boury, 1909 (Weil et al., 1999: 152).

Epitonium (Epitonium) mauryi Tursch and Pierret, 1964: 36–37, fig. 5

  1. Paratype: AMNH 111914 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: 50 m, 23°22′S, 48°28′W, off Punta de Juantinga, São Paulo, Brazil, Atlantic Ocean.

  3. Collector: Unknown.

  4. Remarks: The holotype is SU 9738, and additional paratypes are in MNRJ (Tursch and Pierret, 1964: 37). This taxon is a synonym of E. (Hirtoscala) fractum Dall, 1927 (Weil et al., 1999: 200).

Epitonium phymanthi Robertson, 1994: 83–84, figs. 1–11, 13

  1. Paratypes: AMNH 194365 (21 specimens), 194429 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: Ham Bay, St. Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands (AMNH 194365), Saint George's Lagoon, Grenada (AMNH 194429), Atlantic Ocean.

  3. Collector: Unknown.

  4. Remarks: The holotype is ANSP 391939, and additional paratypes are ANSP 374362, 391940, 391941, and ANSP uncataloged (Robertson, 1994: 84–85). This taxon is placed in the subgenus Limiscala de Boury, 1909 (Weil et al., 1999: 20).

Epitonium (Epitonium) shyorum DuShane and McLean, 1968: 2, fig. 2

  1. Paratype: AMNH 275619 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: 12–13 fathoms, 19°03′N, 104°20′W, Manzanillo, Colima, Mexico, Pacific Ocean.

  3. Collector: L. and C. Shy, Nov. 1965.

  4. Remarks: ex DuShane Collection. The holotype is LACM 1160, and additional paratypes are in CASIZ, SU, and the collection of L. and C. Shy (DuShane and McLean, 1968: 2). This taxon is placed in the subgenus Hirtoscala Monterosato, 1890 (Weil et al., 1999: 148).

Epitonium (Nitidiscala) skoglundae DuShane, 1974: 72, figs. 150–151, 153

  1. Paratypes: AMNH 275625 (2 specimens).

  2. Locality: 08°56′N, 79°33′W, Fort Amador, Panama Canal Zone, Panama, Pacific Ocean.

  3. Collector: C. Skoglund, March 1972.

  4. Remarks: ex DuShane Collection. The holotype is LACM 1612, and additional paratypes are LACM 1613 and in the collection of C. Skoglund (DuShane, 1974: 72).

Epitonium (Asperiscala) textimattum DuShane, 1977: 89–90, figs. 1–8

  1. Paratypes: AMNH 183743 (1 specimen), 222225 (2 specimens), 269840 (2 specimens), 275627 (4 specimens).

  2. Locality: 7–18 m, 19°18′N, 104°50′W, Playa Los Angeles, Tenacatita Bay (AMNH 183743, 222225, 275627), 11–27 m, Cuastecomate (AMNH 269840), Jalisco, Mexico, Pacific Ocean.

  3. Collector: C. and P. Skoglund, Aug. 1975.

  4. Remarks: ex Skoglund Collection (AMNH 222225), ex Skoglund Collection via S. and S. Long Collection (AMNH 269840), and ex Skoglund Collection (2 specimens) and DuShane Collection (2 specimens) (AMNH 275627). The holotype is LACM 846, and additional paratypes are in ANSP, BMNH, DMNH, LACM, SBNHM, SDNHM, USNM, and the collections of M. Bennet and C. Skoglund (DuShane, 1977: 91). This taxon is placed in the subgenus Sodaliscala de Boury, 1909 (Weil et al., 1999: 158).

Epitonium (Epitonium) thorssoni DuShane, 1988: 269, fig. 6

  1. Paratype: AMNH 275630 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: 62–80 m, 21°15.8′N, 157°50′W, off south side of Oahu Island, Hawaii, United States, Pacific Ocean.

  3. Collector: W. Thorsson, Nov. 3, 1980.

  4. Remarks: ex DuShane Collection. The holotype is BPBM 8986, and additional paratypes are LACM 2302 (DuShane, 1988: 269).

Epitonium worsfoldi Robertson, 1994: 87–88, figs. 14–19

  1. Paratype: AMNH 194365b (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: Ham Bay, St. Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands, Atlantic Ocean.

  3. Collector: Unknown, 1957.

  4. Remarks: The holotype is ANSP A17193, and additional paratypes are deposited as cited by Robertson (1994: 88–89). This taxon is placed in the subgenus Hyaloscala de Boury, 1889 (Weil et al., 1999: 18).

Erronea errones azurea F. Schilder, 1968: 73–75, figs. 1–2

  1. Paratype: AMNH 213441 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: Broome, Western Australia, Australia, Pacific Ocean.

  3. Collector: Unknown, Nov. 1954.

  4. Remarks: ex Summers Collection. The holotype is Schilder Collection #20748 (current repository unknown), and the additional 10 paratypes are Schilder Collection #22224 (1 specimen, current repository unknown) and in the collections of A. Kalnins (8 specimens) and K. Uetz (1 specimen) (Schilder, 1968: 73).

Erronea (Erronea) vredenburgi F. Schilder, 1927: 120

  1. Syntypes: AMNH 203878 (1 specimen), 213475 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: Tjilaut, Java, Pacific Ocean.

  3. Collector: Unknown.

  4. Remarks: ex Summers Collection (AMNH 213475) and Cate Collection #1982 (AMNH 203878). These specimens are probably from the type lot, but because of F. Schilder's (1927: 120) descriptive brevity and minimal data, this is not completely certain. The repository of additional syntypes in unknown.

Eulima mulata Rios and Absalão, 1990: 62, fig. 1

  1. Paratype: AMNH 225155 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: 24 m, off Salinopolis, Para, Brazil, Atlantic Ocean.

  3. Collector: R/V “Almirante Saldanha,” Nov. 21, 1968.

  4. Remarks: The holotype is MORG 23428, and additional paratypes are BMNH 1989089, IBUFRJ 1736, LACM 2208, MNHNM 14777, MNUFRJ 5802, MORG 14124, MZUSP 26245, and in USNM and MNHN (Rios and Absalão, 1990: 62–63).

Eulimella acusangusta Peñas and Rolán, 1997b: 82, figs. 219–220

  1. Paratype: AMNH 288313 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: 10–25 m, Miamia, Ghana, Atlantic Ocean.

  3. Collector: Unknown.

  4. Remarks: ex Rolán Collection. The holotype is MNCN 15.05/27812, and additional paratypes are in BMNH, MNHN, and the collections of A. Peñas and E. Rolán (Peñas and Rolán, 1997b: 82).

Eulimella angeli Peñas and Rolán, 1997b: 88–89, figs. 239–246

  1. Paratype: AMNH 288315 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: 14–20 m, Palmeirinhas, Angola, Atlantic Ocean.

  3. Collector: Unknown.

  4. Remarks: ex Rolán Collection. The holotype is MNCN 15.05/27814, and additional paratypes are in BMNH, MNHN, and the collections of A. Peñas and E. Rolán (Peñas and Rolán, 1997b: 88).

Eulimella ignorabilis Peñas and Rolán, 1997b: 92–94, figs. 251–253

  1. Paratype: AMNH 288317 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: 60–100 m, Luanda, Angola, Atlantic Ocean.

  3. Collector: Unknown.

  4. Remarks: ex Rolán Collection. The holotype is MNCN 15.05/27816, and additional paratypes are in BMNH, MNHN, and the collections of A. Peñas and E. Rolán (Peñas and Rolán, 1997b: 82).

Eulimella levidensis Peñas and Rolán, 1997b: 86–88, figs. 232–235

  1. Paratype: AMNH 288314 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: 10–25 m, Miamia, Ghana, Atlantic Ocean.

  3. Collector: Unknown.

  4. Remarks: ex Rolán Collection. The holotype is MNCN 15.05/27813, and additional paratypes are in BMNH, MNHN, and the collections of A. Peñas and E. Rolán (Peñas and Rolán, 1997b: 86).

Eulimella paucisulcata Peñas and Rolán, 1997b: 89–90, figs. 247–248

  1. Paratype: AMNH 288316 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: 10–25 m, Miamia, Ghana, Atlantic Ocean.

  3. Collector: Unknown.

  4. Remarks: ex Rolán Collection. The holotype is MNCN 15.05/27815, and additional paratypes are in BMNH, MNHN, and the collections of A. Peñas and E. Rolán (Peñas and Rolán, 1997b: 89).

Eulimella similminuta Peñas and Rolán, 1997b: 94–96, figs. 256–258

  1. Paratype: AMNH 288318 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: 246 m, Nboro, Senegal, Atlantic Ocean.

  3. Collector: Unknown.

  4. Remarks: ex Rolán Collection. The holotype is MNCN 15.05/27817, and additional paratypes are in BMNH, MNHN, and the collections of A. Peñas, M. Pin, and E. Rolán (Peñas and Rolán, 1997b: 94).

Eutudora limbifera britoi Jaume and Fuentes, 1943a: 19–20, pl. 3, fig. 1

  1. Paratypes: AMNH 150997 (4 specimens).

  2. Locality: El Hatillo, San Miguel de los Baños, Matanzas, Cuba.

  3. Collector: Unknown.

  4. Remarks: ex Jacobson Collection. The holotype is MP 5495, and additional paratypes are in the collections of O. Alcalde, L. Fuentes, and M. Jaume (Jaume and Fuentes, 1943a: 19–20).

Falsilatirus pacificus Emerson and Moffitt, 1988: 43–44, figs. 1–4

  1. Holotype: AMNH 225996.

  2. Paratype: AMNH 225997 (1 specimen).

  3. Locality: Cruise TC 83–05, Sta. 167, 123–503 m, off Arakane Reef, 15°38.4′N, 142°46.2′E, Northern Marianas Islands, Pacific Ocean.

  4. Collector: NOAA R/V “Townsend Cromwell,” Dec. 19, 1983.

  5. Remarks: The additional paratype is USNM 859320 (Emerson and Moffitt, 1988: 44). This species is the type of the genus Falsilatirus Emerson and Moffitt, 1988, by monotypy (Emerson and Moffitt, 1988: 43).

Falsilyria sunderlandi Petuch, 1987: 71–72, pl. 14, figs. 1–2

  1. Paratypes: AMNH 268503 (2 specimens).

  2. Locality: Utila Island, Bay Islands, Honduras, Atlantic Ocean.

  3. Collector: K. Sunderland.

  4. Remarks: ex Sunderland Collection via Fleischner Collection. The holotype is USNM 859903, and additional paratypes are in the collection of K. Sunderland (Petuch, 1987: 71–72).

Farcimen (Farcimen) auriculatum pygmaeum Alcalde, 1945a: 13, pl. 1, fig. 5

  1. Paratypes: AMNH 142383 (3 specimens).

  2. Locality: Lomas Grandes, Galdós, Cienfuegos, Las Villas, Cuba.

  3. Collector: O. Alcalde.

  4. Remarks: ex Jacobson Collection. The holotype is Alcalde Collection #3465 (Alcalde, 1945a: 13).

Farcimen (Farcimen) auriculatum serranum Alcalde, 1945a: 14, pl. 1, fig. 6

  1. Paratype: AMNH 142385 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: Aguada de la Piedra, La Sierra, Cienfuegos, Las Villas, Cuba.

  3. Collector: O. Alcalde.

  4. Remarks: ex Jacobson Collection. The holotype is Alcalde Collection #3467 (Alcalde, 1945a: 14).

Farcimen (Farcimen) bilabiatum regium Alcalde, 1945a: 17, pl. 1, fig. 11

  1. Paratypes: AMNH 142388 (3 specimens).

  2. Locality: Los farallones de Muñoz, Zarza Gorda, San Juan, Trinidad, Cuba.

  3. Collector: O. Alcalde.

  4. Remarks: ex Jacobson Collection. The holotype is Alcalde Collection #3486 (Alcalde, 1945a: 17).

Farcimen (Farcimen) cisnerosi cisnerosi Alcalde, 1945a: 45–47, pl. 5, fig. 11

  1. Paratypes: AMNH 142392 (3 specimens).

  2. Locality: Quemado de los Cedros, San José, Cienfuegos, Las Villas, Cuba.

  3. Collector: O. Alcalde.

  4. Remarks: ex Jacobson Collection. The holotype is Alcalde Collection #3533 (Alcalde, 1945b: 47).

Farcimen (Farcimen) cisnerosi edouardi Alcalde, 1945a: 46, pl. 5, fig. 10

  1. Paratype: AMNH 142394 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: Linderos de Bolaños, Baullua, Trinidad, Las Villas, Cuba.

  3. Collector: O. Alcalde.

  4. Remarks: ex Jacobson Collection. The holotype is Alcalde Collection #3532 (Alcalde, 1945b: 46).

Farcimen (Farcimen) guitarti rugulosum Alcalde, 1945a: 42–43, pl. 5, fig. 15

  1. Paratypes: AMNH 142396 (4 specimens).

  2. Locality: Cuajaní, Buenos Aires, Cienfuegos, Las Villas, Cuba.

  3. Collector: O. Alcalde.

  4. Remarks: ex Jacobson Collection. The holotype is Alcalde Collection #3584 (Alcalde, 1945b: 43).

Farcimen (Farcimen) gundlachi maritimum Alcalde, 1946: 40

  1. Paratype: AMNH 142397 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: Las piedras del Río Santana, Habana, Cuba.

  3. Collector: O. Alcalde.

  4. Remarks: ex Jacobson Collection. The holotype is Alcalde Collection #4233 (Alcalde, 1946: 40). As this taxon appears never to have been illustrated, it is figured herein (fig. 12).

Farcimen (Farcimen) imperator imperator Alcalde, 1945a: 44–45, pl. 5, fig. 8

  1. Paratypes: AMNH 201173 (4 specimens).

  2. Locality: Valle de Delicias, Siguanea, Las Villas, Cuba.

  3. Collector: O. Alcalde.

  4. Remarks: ex Weeks Collection. The holotype is Alcalde Collection #3525 (Alcalde, 1945b: 45).

Farcimen (Farcimen) jaumei jaumei Alcalde, 1945a: 43, pl. 5, fig. 7

  1. Paratypes: AMNH 142442 (3 specimens).

  2. Locality: Farallones de Briche, Yaguanabo, Trinidad, Las Villas, Cuba.

  3. Collector: O. Alcalde.

  4. Remarks: ex Jacobson Collection. The holotype is Alcalde Collection #3529 (Alcalde, 1945b: 43).

Farcimen (Farcimen) jaumei parvulum Alcalde, 1945a: 44, pl. 5, fig. 5

  1. Paratypes: AMNH 142400 (4 specimens).

  2. Locality: Cumanayagua, Las Villas, Cuba.

  3. Collector: O. Alcalde.

  4. Remarks: ex Jacobson Collection. The holotype is Alcalde Collection #3530 (Alcalde, 1945b: 44).

Farcimen (Farcimen) majusculum majusculum Alcalde, 1945a: 16, pl. 1, fig. 9

  1. Paratypes: AMNH 142409 (2 specimens).

  2. Locality: Loma de Polo Véliz, Cienfuegos, Las Villas, Cuba.

  3. Collector: O. Alcalde.

  4. Remarks: ex Jacobson Collection. The holotype is Alcalde Collection #4222 (Alcalde, 1945a: 16).

Farcimen (Farcimen) majusculum mortuarium Alcalde, 1945a: 16, pl. 1, fig. 10

  1. Paratype: AMNH 142412 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: Cabeza de Muerto, Cienfuegos, Las Villas, Cuba.

  3. Collector: O. Alcalde.

  4. Remarks: ex Jacobson Collection. The holotype is Alcalde Collection #3469 (Alcalde, 1945a: 16).

Farcimen (Farcimen) seminudum protractum Alcalde, 1945a: 40, pl. 5, fig. 4

  1. Paratypes: AMNH 142418 (3 specimens).

  2. Locality: Yaguanabo, Trinidad, Las Villas, Cuba.

  3. Collector: O. Alcalde.

  4. Remarks: ex Jacobson Collection. The holotype is Alcalde Collection #3540 (Alcalde, 1945b: 40).

Fartulum moorei Marincovich, 1973: 30–31, fig. 64

  1. Paratypes: AMNH 172411 (20 specimens).

  2. Locality: 20°13′S, 70°10′W, Iquique, Chile, Pacific Ocean.

  3. Collector: L. Marincovich, Aug. 1964.

  4. Remarks: ex LACM #64–16. The holotype is LACM 1591, and additional paratypes are LACM 1592 and in ANSP, CASIZ, SDNHM, and USNM (Marincovich, 1973: 31).

Fautor consobrinus Powell, 1958: 78–79, pl. 9, fig. 2

  1. Paratypes: AMNH 105516 (2 specimens).

  2. Locality: Sta. 675, 56–64 m, 29°15′S, 177°57′W, off Raoul Island, Kermadec Islands, New Zealand, Pacific Ocean.

  3. Collector: R/V “Galathea,” March 3, 1952.

  4. Remarks: ex Powell Collection. The holotype is in ZMUC (Powell, 1958: 66).

Favartia cecalupoi Bozzetti, 1993a: 31, figs. 1–3.k

  1. Paratype: AMNH 264684 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: 200–250 m, off Ras Hafun, Somalia, Indian Ocean.

  3. Collector: Unknown.

  4. Remarks: ex Bozzetti Collection. The holotype is IRSNB IG 27882/455, and additional paratypes are IRSNB IG 27882, NM K8086/T838, and in MNHN and the collections of L. Bozzetti, A. Cecalupo, F. Franchi, and R. Houart (Bozzetti, 1993a: 32).

Favartia cocosensis Myers and D'Attilio, 1990: 282–283, figs. 1–3

  1. Paratypes: AMNH 232084 (2 specimens).

  2. Locality: 18–24 m, Bahia Yglesias, Cocos Island, Costa Rica, Pacific Ocean.

  3. Collector: D. Shasky, April 1983.

  4. Remarks: The holotype is USNM 860015, and additional paratypes are LACM 2200, MCZ 297216, SBMNH 35044, SDNHM 93349, USNM 860023, 860024, and in ANSP, CASIZ, and the collection of D. Shasky (Myers and D'Attilio, 1990: 283).

Favartia dorothyae Emerson and D'Attilio, 1979: 5–6, figs. 3–4, 15–16

  1. Holotype: AMNH 183821.

  2. Paratypes: AMNH 183822 (2 specimens), 183222a (1 specimen), 201249 (3 specimens).

  3. Locality: 30 m, off Punta Engaño, Cebu, Philippines, Pacific Ocean.

  4. Collector: Unknown, 1977.

  5. Remarks: ex Janowsky Collection (AMNH 201249). Additional paratypes are SDNHM 72624 and in the collection of L. Kempczenski (Emerson and D'Attilio, 1979: 6). This taxon is a synonym of F. maculata (Reeve, 1845) (Houart, 1994: 46).

Favartia elatensis Emerson and D'Attilio, 1979: 6–7, figs. 13–14

  1. Paratype: AMNH 183823 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: 250 m, 29°31′–29°32′N, 34°58′–36°59′E, Elat, Gulf of Agaba, Israel, Red Sea.

  3. Collector: Hebrew University, Oct. 8, 1965.

  4. Remarks: The holotype is HUJ 10.202/8, and additional paratypes are HUJ 10.202/8, 10.203/9, and SDNHM 63254 (Emerson and D'Attilio, 1979: 6). This taxon is placed in the genus Muricopsis Bucquoy and Dautzenberg, 1882, and the subgenus Murexsul Iredale, 1915 (Houart, 1994: 47).

Favartia guamensis Emerson and D'Attilio, 1979: 4–5, figs. 11–12

  1. Paratype: AMNH 183820 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: 18–21 m, off Orote Cliffs, Guam, Pacific Ocean.

  3. Collector: L. Kempczenski, May 1, 1977.

  4. Remarks: The holotype is SDNHM 72625, and additional paratypes are in the collections of A. Deynzer, L. Kempczenski, and D. Pisor (Emerson and D'Attilio, 1979: 5). This taxon is a possible synonym of F. crouchi (Sowerby, 1894) (Shasky, 1991: 28; Houart, 1994: 54).

Favartia jeanae Bertsch and D'Attilio, 1980: 133–134, figs. 3–5

  1. Paratype: AMNH 206092 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: 80–100 m, 10°20′N, 124°00′E, off Punta Engaño, Mactan Island, Cebu, Philippines, Pacific Ocean.

  3. Collector: Unknown.

  4. Remarks: ex SDNHM. The holotype is SDNHM 796, and additional paratypes are BPBM 207077 and SDNHM 797 (Bertsch and D'Attilio, 1980: 134).

Favartia (Murexiella) leonae D'Attilio and Myers, 1985b: 60–61, figs. 7–11

  1. Paratype: AMNH 213555 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: Okinawa, Japan, Pacific Ocean.

  3. Collector: P. Bellin.

  4. Remarks: ex SDMNH. The holotype is SDNHM 81638, and additional paratypes are SDNHM 85102 and 85104–85110 (D'Attilio and Myers, 1985b: 61). This taxon is placed in the genus Murexiella Clench and Pérez Farfante, 1945 (Houart, 1994: 86).

Favartia (Favartia) paulboschi Smythe and Houart, 1984: 5–6, pl. 2, figs. 1–5

  1. Paratypes: AMNH 186117 (1 specimen), 220732 (1 specimen), 245765 (2 specimens).

  2. Locality: 20°39′N, 58°52′E, Dhuwwah, Masirah, Oman, Indian Ocean.

  3. Collector: D. Bosch (AMNH 186117, 245765), K. Smythe, Dec. 19, 1980 (AMNH 220732).

  4. Remarks: ex Smythe Collection (AMNH 220732) and Bosch Collection (AMNH 245765). The holotype is BMNH 1983062, and additional paratypes are IRSNB IG 26656/403, NMW Z:1983:052, USNM 792424, and in MNHN, NHM (ONHM), and the collections of D. Bosch, R. Houart, T. Pain, and K. Smythe (Smythe and Houart, 1984: 6).

Favartia (Murexiella) paulskoglundi Hertz and Myers, 1998: 95–98, figs. 1–5

  1. Paratype: AMNH 290728 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: 15–18 m, south of Isla Chitre, Islas las Perlas, Panama, Pacific Ocean.

  3. Collector: C. and P. Skoglund, R. and W. Koch, April 15, 1984.

  4. Remarks: The holotype is SDNHM 78066, and additional paratypes are SBMNH 144458, USNM 8800267, and in the collections of C. Hertz, K. Kaiser, W. Koch, D. Shasky, and C. Skoglund (Hertz and Myers, 1998: 96).

Favartia (Caribiella) purdyae Vokes and D'Attilio, 1980: 16–17, fig. 1

  1. Paratypes: AMNH 117941 (2 specimens), 139469 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: Academy Bay (AMNH 117941), Puerto Nuñez (AMNH 139469), Santa Cruz Island, Galápagos Islands, Ecuador, Pacific Ocean.

  3. Collector: C. Angermeyer, 1964 (AMNH 117941) and Jan. 1965 (AMNH 139469).

  4. Remarks: The holotype is SDNHM TS776, and additional paratypes are in the collection of D. Shasky (Vokes and D'Attilio, 1980: 18).

Favartia (Murexiella) rosamiae D'Attilio and Myers, 1985b: 58–59, figs. 1–6

  1. Paratypes: AMNH 213556 (2 specimens).

  2. Locality: Bohol Straits, Cebu, Philippines, Pacific Ocean.

  3. Collector: Unknown, 1984.

  4. Remarks: The holotype is SDNHM 80742, and additional paratypes are SDNHM 80742, 81639, 82288, 84345, 85101, and in the collections of ANSP, BMNH, LACM, and USNM (D'Attilio and Myers, 1985b: 59–60). This taxon is placed in the genus Murexiella Clench and Perez Farfante, 1945 (Houart, 1994: 86).

Fenimorea culexensis Usticke, 1969: 28, pl. 6, fig. 1124

  1. Lectotype: AMNH 195462.

  2. Locality: Virgin Gorda, British Virgin Islands, Atlantic Ocean.

  3. Collector: Unknown.

  4. Remarks: ex Usticke Collection #1124. Usticke (1971: 23) stated that this specimen was the holotype. Because Usticke (1969: 28) did not designate a holotype, Usticke's (1971) action constituted a lectotype designation. The repository of the paralectotypes is unknown; their existence is indicated by Usticke's (1969: 28) given size range for the taxon of 12–15 mm length.

Fenimorea fucata pulchra Usticke, 1959: 82, pl. 4, fig. 11

  1. Holotype: AMNH 195461.

  2. Paratype: AMNH 294366 (1 specimen).

  3. Locality: North of Fredericksted, St. Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands, Atlantic Ocean.

  4. Collector: Unknown.

  5. Remarks: ex Usticke Collection #1123 (AMNH 195461) and Schwartz Collection (AMNH 294366). The repository of additional paratypes is unknown; their existence is indicated by Usticke's (1959: 82) given size range for the taxon of 18–25 mm length.

Fenimorea petiti Tippett, 1995: 127–129, figs. 17, 33

  1. Paratype: AMNH 226537 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: 30 fathoms, west of Crystal River, Citrus Co., Florida, United States, Atlantic Ocean.

  3. Collector: J. Moore, May 1963.

  4. Remarks: The holotype is USNM 880073. Additional paratypes are in ANSP, DMNH, IRSNB, LACM, MCZ, MNHN, MORG, NHM, NM, and the collection of D. Tippett (Tippett, 1995: 133). This taxon is placed in the genus Splendrillia Hedley, 1922 (Turgeon et al., 1998: 102).

Fissurella (Cremides) clenchi Pérez Farfante, 1943: 11, pl. 3, figs. 8–11

  1. Paratypes: AMNH 223119 (9 specimens).

  2. Locality: Praia das Conchas, Itanhaen, São Paulo, Brazil, Atlantic Ocean.

  3. Collector: P. de Oliveira.

  4. Remarks: ex MCZ. The holotype is MCZ 124730 (Pérez Farfante, 1943: 12), and additional paratypes are MCZ 124693 and 135521.

Fissurella (Cremides) deroyae McLean, 1970b: 118, figs. 7–8

  1. Paratype: AMNH 160261 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: 00°45′S, 90°20′W, Academy Bay, Santa Cruz Island, Galápagos Islands, Ecuador, Pacific Ocean.

  3. Collector: J. DeRoy, Oct. 1967.

  4. Remarks: The holotype is LACM 1375, and additional paratypes are ANSP 319138, LACM 1376, MCZ 277820, USNM 679568, and in CASIZ, SBMNH, SDNHM, and SU (McLean, 1970b: 118; Finet, 1994: 12).

Fissurella punctata “var.” rosea Usticke, 1969: 8, pl. 1, fig. 68

  1. Lectotype: AMNH 198495.

  2. Locality: Columbus Point, Buck Island, St. Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands, Atlantic Ocean.

  3. Collector: Unknown.

  4. Remarks: ex Usticke Collection #68. AMNH 198495 was the figured specimen (Usticke, 1969) and is here designated lectotype to fix the identity of this poorly defined taxon. Although the term “var.” (= variety) was employed in the description, all other “varieties” described by Usticke (1969) were called “new s[ub] sp[ecies]” or, in error, “new sp[ecies].” In this case, Usticke mistakenly considered his (1959: 24) introduction of the name without description as valid, when it was a nomen nudum from that paper. This taxon, described with an infrasubspecific term after 1960, should nevertheless be considered subspecific because it was not published expressly as a “variety” in the traditional sense of the word. This taxon was erroneously called “Fissurella rosea” in the figure caption (Usticke, 1969). The repository of the paralectotypes is unknown; their existence is indicated by Usticke's (1969: 8) given size range for the taxon of 14–19 mm length. F. punctata rosea is preoccupied by Patella rosea Gmelin, 1791, but is a synonym of F. punctata Fischer, 1857 (Faber, 1988: 88–89).

Fossarus orbignyi “var.” tridentata Usticke, 1959: 47–48, pl. 3, fig. 2

  1. Holotype: AMNH 195422.

  2. Paratype: AMNH 294368 (1 specimen).

  3. Locality: Ham Bay, St. Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands, Atlantic Ocean.

  4. Collector: Unknown.

  5. Remarks: ex Usticke Collection #506 (AMNH 195422) and Schwartz Collection (AMNH 294368). Although Usticke cited this taxon as a “var.” (= variety) (1959: 47) and as “n. sp.” (1959: 47–48), he first listed it (1959: vi) as “Fossarus orbignyi tridentata” under the heading “new species and subspecies.” We consider this taxon to have been subspecifically described and the holotype to be valid. Although Usticke (1959: 47) gave only a single measurement for this taxon, a second specimen subequal in size to the holotype exists (AMNH 294368). The specific name was misspelled “orbigny” on p. 48 (Usticke, 1959). This taxon is a synonym of F. ambiguus (Linnaeus, 1758) (Faber, 1988: 91).

Fusinus benjamini Hadorn, 1997: 10–15, figs. 1–7

  1. Paratypes: AMNH 191434 (10 specimens), 245897 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: Unknown (AMNH 191434); Dry Tortugas, Florida, United States (listed as doubtful) (AMNH 245897), Atlantic Ocean.

  3. Collector: Bajan shrimp fishermen (AMNH 191434), J. Black, June 1971 (AMNH 245897).

  4. Remarks: ex Nowell-Usticke Collection (AMNH 191434) and Bijur Collection (AMNH 245897). The holotype is MHNG 20836, and additional paratypes are MHNG 20837, SMF 311195, USNM 880153, and in the collection of R. Hadorn (Hadorn, 1997: 13).

Fusinus consagensis Poorman, 1981: 339–340, figs. 1, 6, 10

  1. Paratypes: AMNH 198963 (1 specimen), AMNH 221949 (37 specimens).

  2. Locality: 22 m, 31°07′N, 114°30′W, 3 km south of Consag Rock, Baja California Norte, Mexico, Pacific Ocean.

  3. Collector: Unknown, June 28, 1968.

  4. Remarks: ex Dushane Collection (AMNH 221949). The holotype is LACM 1934, and additional paratypes are USNM 784586 and in the collections of L. Poorman (now in SBMNH) and L. Shy (Poorman, 1981: 339–340). This taxon is a synonym of F. fredbakeri Lowe, 1935 (Hertz et al., 1999: 75).

Fusinus humboldti Poorman, 1981: 340, figs. 2, 7, 11

  1. Paratype: AMNH 198964 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: 400 m, 00°35′S, 90°40′W, off Duncan (= Pinzon) Island, Galápagos Islands, Ecuador, Pacific Ocean.

  3. Collector: Unknown, March 1979.

  4. Remarks: The holotype is LACM 1935, and additional paratypes are LACM 1943, 1944, and USNM 784585 (Poorman, 1981: 341).

Fusinus (Sinistralia) somaliensis Smythe and Chatfield, 1984: 307–308, pl. 18, figs. a–d

  1. Holotype: AMNH 120348.

  2. Paratypes: AMNH 213804 (3 specimens).

  3. Locality: Mogadishu, Somalia, Indian Ocean.

  4. Collector: Unknown.

  5. Remarks: Additional paratypes are ANSP 289962, BMNH 1983061, and in the collection of H. Lee (Smythe and Chatfield, 1984: 308).

Fusinus stegeri Lyons, 1978: 85–87, figs. 1–5

  1. Paratype: AMNH 183874 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: 200 m, south of Egmont Key, Hillsborough Co., Florida, United States, Atlantic Ocean.

  3. Collector: J. Black, 1971.

  4. Remarks: The holotype is USNM 749082, and additional paratypes are ANSP 345472, BMNH 197810, FSBC I 15028, MCZ 288494, and in the collections of N. Hepler and C. Winthrow (Lyons, 1978: 86).

Fusiturricula (knefastia) [sic] bajanensis Usticke, 1969: 26–27, pl. 5, fig. 1047

  1. Holotype: AMNH 195455.

  2. Locality: Deep water, south of Barbados, Atlantic Ocean.

  3. Collector: “Bajan shrimpers.”

  4. Remarks: ex Usticke Collection #1047. AMNH 195455 is the holotype by monotypy.

Fusus (Colus) pagodoides Watson, 1882: 383–386

  1. Syntype: AMNH 51650 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: Sta. 164B, 410 fathoms, 34°13′S, 151°38′E, off Sydney, Queensland, Australia, Pacific Ocean.

  3. Collector: H.M.S. “Challenger,” June 13, 1874.

  4. Remarks: ex Sowerby via Constable Collection. The species was illustrated by Watson (1886: 197–198, pl. 14, fig. 3). The AMNH specimen has only the data “410 fms, Sydney” on the label. It was purchased by Constable from Sowerby in the early 1890s. Because the shell was clearly live-collected, came from a British source after publication of the “Challenger” results, and has the same depth data as the specimens cited by Watson (1882), we conclude that AMNH 51650 is indeed part of the type series, as suggested by Richards and Old (1969). Additional syntypes are in BMNH and NMW (Way, personal commun.). This taxon is placed in the genus Columbarium von Martens, 1881 (Wilson, 1994: 58).

Geomelania affinis C. B. Adams, 1850b: 96

  1. Paralectotypes: AMNH 16674 (1 specimen), 16675 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: Jamaica.

  3. Collector: Unknown.

  4. Remarks: ex Haines Collection (AMNH 16674) and Jay Collection (AMNH 16675). The lectotype was designated as MCZ 177212 by Clench and Turner (1948c: 194) and figured by Jacobson and Boss (1973: pl. 81, fig. 1).

Geomelania elegans C. B. Adams, 1849c: 18–19

  1. Paralectotypes: AMNH 16677 (1 specimen), 16678 (2 specimens).

  2. Locality: Jamaica.

  3. Collector: Unknown.

  4. Remarks: ex Haines Collection (AMNH 16677) and Jay Collection (AMNH 16678). The lectotype was designated as MCZ 177222 and figured by Clench and Turner (1948c: 199, pl. 23, fig. 8). This taxon is the type of the subgenus Merrilliana Clench and Turner, 1948, by original designation (Clench and Turner, 1948c: 179).

Geomelania expansa C. B. Adams, 1849c: 18

  1. Paralectotypes: AMNH 16679 (1 specimen), 16680 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: Jamaica.

  3. Collector: Unknown.

  4. Remarks: ex Jay Collection (AMNH 16679) and Haines Collection (AMNH 16680). The lectotype was designated as MCZ 177209 by Clench and Turner (1948c: 199) and figured by Jacobson and Boss (1973: pl. 81, fig. 3). This taxon is a synonym of G. (G.) jamaicensis Pfeiffer, 1845 (Clench and Turner, 1948c: 174).

Geomelania fortis C. B. Adams, 1850b: 94

  1. Paralectotype: AMNH 16681 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: Jamaica.

  3. Collector: Unknown.

  4. Remarks: ex Haines Collection. The lectotype was designated as MCZ 177214 by Clench and Turner (1948c: 199) and figured by Jacobson and Boss (1973: pl. 81, fig. 4). This taxon is a synonym of G. (G.) jamaicensis Pfeiffer, 1845 (Clench and Turner, 1948c: 174).

Geomelania gracilis C. B. Adams, 1850b: 95

  1. Paralectotype: AMNH 16682 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: Jamaica.

  3. Collector: Unknown.

  4. Remarks: ex Haines Collection. The lectotype was designated as MCZ 177223 by Clench and Turner (1948c: 200) and figured by Jacobson and Boss (1973: pl. 81, fig. 5). This taxon is a synonym of G. (G.) jamaicensis Pfeiffer, 1845 (Clench and Turner, 1948c: 174).

Geomelania magna C. B. Adams, 1850b: 94–95

  1. Paralectotype: AMNH 16691 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: Jamaica.

  3. Collector: Unknown.

  4. Remarks: ex Haines Collection. The lectotype was designated as MCZ 177200 by Clench and Turner (1948c: 202) and figured by Jacobson and Boss (1973: pl. 81, fig. 7). This taxon is a synonym of G. (G.) jamaicensis Pfeiffer, 1845 (Clench and Turner, 1948c: 174).

Geomelania media C. B. Adams, 1850b: 96

  1. Paralectotypes: AMNH 16692 (1 specimen), 16693 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: Jamaica.

  3. Collector: Unknown.

  4. Remarks: ex Jay Collection (AMNH 16692) and Haines Collection (AMNH 16693). The lectotype was designated as MCZ 177213 and figured by Clench and Turner (1948c: 202, pl. 23, fig. 10). This taxon is a synonym of G. (G.) jamaicensis Pfeiffer, 1845 (Clench and Turner, 1948c: 174).

Geomelania minor C. B. Adams, 1849c: 18

  1. Paralectotypes: AMNH 16689 (3 specimens).

  2. Locality: Jamaica.

  3. Collector: Unknown.

  4. Remarks: ex Jay Collection. The lectotype was designated as MCZ 177207 by Clench and Turner (1948c: 200) and figured by Jacobson and Boss (1973: pl. 81, fig. 9).

Geomelania typica C. B. Adams, 1850b: 95–96

  1. Paralectotype: AMNH 16700 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: Jamaica.

  3. Collector: Unknown.

  4. Remarks: ex Haines Collection. The lectotype was designated as MCZ 177208 by Clench and Turner (1948c: 209) and figured by Jacobson and Boss (1973: pl. 81, fig. 6).

Geomelania vicina C. B. Adams, 1850b: 96

  1. Paralectotypes: AMNH 16703 (1 specimen), 16704 (2 specimens).

  2. Locality: Jamaica.

  3. Collector: Unknown.

  4. Remarks: ex Haines Collection (AMNH 16703) and Jay Collection (AMNH 16704). The lectotype was designated as MCZ 156153 by Clench and Turner (1948c: 209) and figured by Jacobson and Boss (1973: pl. 81, fig. 12). This taxon is a synonym of G. (G.) typica C. B. Adams, 1850 (Clench and Turner, 1948c : 174).

Gibberula albotriangularis Rolán and Fernandes, 1997: 8–9, figs. 7–8

  1. Paratypes: AMNH 292123 (4 specimens).

  2. Locality: 12 m, Miamia, Ghana, Atlantic Ocean.

  3. Collectors: E. Rolán and F. Fernandes.

  4. Remarks: ex Rolán Collection. The holotype is in MNCN, and additional paratypes are in BMNH, CFB, and the collections of E. Rolán and P. Ryall (Rolán and Fernandes, 1997: 8).

Gibberula decorfasciata Rolán and Fernandes, 1997: 7–8, figs. 5–6, 12–13

  1. Paratypes: AMNH 292116 (2 specimens).

  2. Locality: Bushua Beach and Abokwa Islet, Ghana, Atlantic Ocean.

  3. Collector: E. Rolán.

  4. Remarks: ex Rolán Collection. The holotype is in MNCN, and additional paratypes are in BMNH, MNHN, and the collections of F. Boyer, E. Rolán, and P. Ryall (Rolán and Fernandes, 1997: 7).

Gibberula rauli Fernandes, 1987: 265–266, fig. 3

  1. Holotype: AMNH 225993.

  2. Locality: 1–5 m, Rabo de Junco Beach, Sal Island, Cape Verde Island, Portugal, Atlantic Ocean.

  3. Collector: F. Fernandes.

  4. Remarks: ex Rolán Collection. Paratypes are in BMNH, CZL, MNHN, the Cabo Verde Museum, and the collections of I. Felix-Alves, F. Fernandes, J. Messias, E. Rolán, and P. Ryall (Fernandes, 1987: 265).

Glyphostoma permiscere Usticke, 1969: 29–30, pl. 6, fig. 1214

  1. Lectotype: AMNH 195472.

  2. Locality: Long Reef, Christiansted, St. Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands, Atlantic Ocean.

  3. Collector: Unknown.

  4. Remarks: ex Usticke Collection #1214. Usticke (1971: 26) stated that this specimen was the holotype. Because Usticke (1969: 29–30) did not designate a holotype, Usticke's (1971) action constituted a lectotype designation. The repository of additional paralectotypes is unknown; their existence is indicated by Usticke's (1969: 29) given size range for the taxon of 6.5–7.5 mm length. This taxon is a synonym of Lienardia chrysoleuca Melvill, 1923 (Faber, 1995: 62).

Glyphostoma (Glyphostoma) pustulosa McLean and Poorman, 1971: 106–107, fig. 40

  1. Holotype: AMNH 157263.

  2. Locality: 10–20 fathoms, 00°23′S, 90°43′W, off Jervis Island, Galápagos Islands, Ecuador, Pacific Ocean.

  3. Collector: A. and J. DeRoy, May 1964.

  4. Remarks: AMNH 157263 is the holotype by monotypy.

Granula achenea Roth and Coan, 1971: 578, fig. 3

  1. Paratype: AMNH 164912 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: 80 ft, 05°35′N, 87°02′W, Chatham Bay, northeast side of Isla del Coco, Costa Rica, Pacific Ocean.

  3. Collector: W. Schmitt, April 24, 1941.

  4. Remarks: ex USNM 568110. The holotype is USNM 568110, and additional paratypes are MCZ 279192, USNM 681406, and in ANSP, CASIZ, LACM, and SU (Roth and Coan, 1971: 578–579).

Granula insularum Roth and Coan, 1971: 580, fig. 4

  1. Paratype: AMNH 164913 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: Black Blight 1 mile west of Tagus Cove at south end of banks, Caleta Bank, Isla Isabela (Albemarle), Galápagos Islands, Ecuador, Pacific Ocean.

  3. Collector: L. Hertlein, Jan. 5, 1932.

  4. Remarks: The holotype is CASIZ 13715, and additional paratypes are ANSP 324511, CASIZ 13716–13720, MCZ 279191, USNM 707101, and in LACM, SDNHM, and SU (Roth and Coan, 1971: 581; Finet, 1994: 67).

Granulina fernandesi Boyer and Rolán, 1999: 1–10, figs. 1–6

  1. Paratypes: AMNH 294226 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: Cape Verde Islands, Portugal, Atlantic Ocean.

  3. Collector: Unknown.

  4. Remarks: ex Rolán Collection. The holotype is MNCN 15.05/31011, and additional paratypes are in MNHN, NNM, and the collections of F. Boyer and E. Rolán.

Granulina ocarina Fernandes, 1987, 260–263, fig. 1

  1. Holotype: AMNH 225991.

  2. Locality: 1–5 m, Rabo de Junco Beach, Sal Island, Cape Verde Archipelago, Portugal, Atlantic Ocean.

  3. Collector: F. Fernandes.

  4. Remarks: ex Fernandes. Paratypes are in BMNH, CZL, MNHN, the Cabo Verde Museum, and the collections of I. Felix-Alves, F. Fernandes, J. Messias, E. Rolán, and P. Ryall (Fernandes, 1987: 236).

Graphis rotundata Usticke, 1969: 13, pl. 3, fig. 488

  1. Holotype: AMNH 195421.

  2. Locality: Palm Beach, Barbuda, Antigua and Barbuda, Atlantic Ocean.

  3. Collector: Unknown.

  4. Remarks: ex Usticke Collection #488. AMNH 195421 is the holotype by monotypy. Faber (1988: 89) suggested that AMNH 195421 may not be the figured specimen. Our examination of the specimen does not support this conclusion, but does confirm that the specimen was damaged at some time after it was illustrated by Usticke (1969). Usticke (1969; 1971) gave no indication that he had any additional specimens of this taxon.

Gyrineum longicaudatum Beu, 1998: 54–55, figs. 6e–g, 15a–l

  1. Paratype: AMNH 226539 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: 400 m, 10°40′N, 124°35′E, off Tudela, Pacijan Island, between Leyte and Cebu, Philippines, Pacific Ocean.

  3. Collector: F. Springsteen, Oct. 29, 1987.

  4. Remarks: The holotype is in MNHN, and additional paratypes are AMS C202740, ANSP 399243, BMNH 1996034, LACM T2789, NMNZ M272485, NMP L2063, NZGS WM15041, and USNM 880222 (Beu, 1998: 54).

Haliotis fatui Geiger, 1999: 73–77, figs. 1–15

  1. Paratypes: AMNH 81878 (1 specimen), 81899 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: Santa Ana Island, Solomon Islands, Pacific Ocean.

  3. Collector: Whitney South Seas Expedition, Jan. 1930 (AMNH 81899), June 1930 (AMNH 81878).

  4. Remarks: The holotype is USNM 486708, and additional paratypes are ANSP 284325, MHNG 21226, USNM 487953, 702512, 702975, and 2 uncataloged USNM lots (Geiger, 1999: 76).

Haliotis fulgens guadalupensis Talmadge, 1964: 375, fig. 1

  1. Paratype: AMNH 117647 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: Morro Sur, Guadalupe Island, Baja California Sur, Mexico, Pacific Ocean.

  3. Collector: R. Clutter, P. Taylor, and C. Boyd, Jan. 30, 1960.

  4. Remarks: ex Talmadge. The holotype is SDNHM H-1-30–60 (Talmadge, 1964: 375).

Haliotis (Padollus) roberti McLean, 1970b: 115, figs. 1–2

  1. Paratype: AMNH 160262 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: 40–47 fathoms, 05°33′50″N, 86°58′55″W, Chatham Bay, Cocos Island, Costa Rica, Pacific Ocean.

  3. Collector: R/V “Velero III,” Jan. 14, 1938.

  4. Remarks: The holotype is LACM 1368, and additional paratypes are LACM 1369 and in CASIZ and USNM (McLean, 1970b: 115).

Harpa goodwini Rehder, 1993: 127–129, figs. 1–2

  1. Paratype: AMNH 226438 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: 82–228 m, between French Frigate Shoals and Maro Reef, Hawaii, United States, Pacific Ocean.

  3. Collector: D. Goodwin.

  4. Remarks: The holotype is USNM 860312, and additional paratypes are MCZ 303627, USNM 860314, 860315, and in AM, BMNH, BPBM, LACM, MHNG, MNHN, NSMT, and the collection of D. Goodwin (Rehder, 1993: 129).

Hastula alboflava Bratcher, 1988: 415–416, figs. 2, 5

  1. Paratype: AMNH 222588 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: 15.5 m, Sogod, Cebu, Philippines, Pacific Ocean.

  3. Collector: Unknown.

  4. Remarks: The holotype is LACM 2262, and additional paratypes are AMS C15235, BMNH 1986261, MCZ 296166, MORG 24.809, NM 758/13690, SDMNH 92523, USNM 859149, and in ANSP, CASIZ, MNHNP, and the collections of T. Bratcher, W. Cernohorsky, F. Dayrit, and J. Marquet (Bratcher, 1988: 416).

Hastula colorata Bratcher, 1988: 416, fig. 7

  1. Paratype: AMNH 222984 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: 34°20′S, 115°10′E, Light House Beach, Augusta, Western Australia, Australia, Pacific Ocean.

  3. Collector: Unknown.

  4. Remarks: The holotype is WAM 514–86, and additional paratypes are AMS C153006, BMNH 1986283, LACM 2263, MCZ 296167, MORG 24.810, NM K175/T3689, SDMNH 92524, USNM 859218, and in ANSP, CASIZ, and the collections of W. Anson, T. Bratcher, W. Buick, W. Cernohorsky, and M. Marrow (Bratcher, 1988: 416).

Haustellotyphis wendita Hertz, 1995: 158–161, figs. 1–4, 7, 9–10

  1. Paratype: AMNH 226509 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: 6–15 m, 11°42′N, 85°50′W, off Playa Tomarindo, Bahía Tamarindo, Guanacaste Province, Costa Rica, Pacific Ocean.

  3. Collector: R. Koch, March 6–8, 1993.

  4. Remarks: The holotype is SBMNH 142120, and additional paratypes are ANSP 398306, CASIZ 099054, LACM 2744, USNM 887134, and in the collections of C. Hertz, R. Koch, and C. Skoglund (Hertz, 1995: 161).

Haustellum wilsoni D'Attilio and Old, 1971: 316–317, figs. 1–3

  1. Paratype: AMNH 154655 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: Jurien Bay, Western Australia, Australia, Pacific Ocean.

  3. Collector: E. Parkin, Dec. 29, 1967.

  4. Remarks: The holotype is WAM N/3981 and additional paratypes are in WAM (D'Attilio and Old, 1971: 317).

Heliacus crystallina Usticke, 1969: 10, pl. 2, fig. 338

  1. Lectotype: AMNH 195414.

  2. Locality: Ham Bay, St. Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands, Atlantic Ocean.

  3. Collector: Unknown.

  4. Remarks: ex Usticke Collection #338. Usticke (1971: 7) stated that this specimen was the holotype. Because Usticke (1969: 10) did not designate a holotype, Usticke's (1971) action constituted a lectotype designation. The repository of the paralectotypes is unknown; their existence is indicated by Usticke's (1969: 10) given size range for the taxon of 2.75–4.25 mm length. This taxon is a synonym of Pseudotorinia retifera (Dall, 1892) (Faber, 1988: 78).

Helicina chionea Pilsbry, 1949: 101

  1. Paratypes: AMNH 150311 (6 specimens).

  2. Locality: 2900 m, Mejorada, Rio Montara, Peru.

  3. Collector: W. Weyrauch.

  4. Remarks: ex Jacobson Collection. The holotype is ANSP 180005 (Pilsbry, 1949: 101), and additional paratypes are ANSP 358667 (formerly ANSP 18005) (Robertson et al., 1986: 59). Because this taxon appears never to have been illustrated, it is illustrated herein (fig. 13).

Helicina hollandi C. B. Adams, 1849b: 13

  1. Paralectotypes: AMNH 163176 (6 specimens).

  2. Locality: Jamaica.

  3. Collector: Unknown.

  4. Remarks: ex C. B. Adams via T. Bland via Gulick Collection. The lectotype was selected as MCZ 275698 and figured by Jacobson and Boss (1973: 514, pl. 89, figs. 17–18).

Helicina pompholyx Pilsbry, 1933: 131, pl. 7, figs. 11, 11a

  1. Paratypes: AMNH 95473 (2 specimens).

  2. Locality: St. 85, 3000 ft, Señor Del Monte's Plantation, 5–6 mi west of Barahona, near Salvation, Dominican Republic.

  3. Collector: D. Pease, Aug. 4, 1932.

  4. Remarks: ex Pease Collection. The holotype is ANSP 160983 (Pilbsry, 1933: 131), and additional paratypes are ANSP 358669 (formerly ANSP 160983) (Robertson et al., 1986: 75). This taxon is placed in the genus Alcaldia Gray, 1840 (Robertson et al., 1986: 75). Robertson et al. (1986: 75) incorrectly cited the ANSP specimens as lectotype and paralectotypes, even thought Pilsbry (1933: pl. 7, figs. 11, 11a) clearly cited the figured specimen as the “type” (= holotype).

Hermes (Magelliconus) lizarum Raybaudi and da Motta, 1992: 65, figs. 1–3

  1. Paratype: AMNH 259077 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: 150 m, Cape Guardafui, Somalia, Indian Ocean.

  3. Collector: Unknown.

  4. Remarks: ex Rolán Collection. The holotype is MNHG 16151, and additional paratypes are SMNS ZI 8468 and in the collections of A. Monteiro, A. Nova, and G. Raybaudi (Raybaudi and da Motta, 1992: 65–66). This taxon is placed in the genus Conus Linnaeus, 1758 (Röckel et al., 1995: 163).

Hespererato septentrionalis C. Cate, 1977: 365, fig. 51

  1. Paratypes: AMNH 205284 (1 specimen), 205285 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: 21°47′S, 114°10′E, Vlaming Head Light Beach, northwest cape, Western Australia, Pacific Ocean.

  3. Collector: L. Figgis.

  4. Remarks: ex Cate Collection #3618 (AMNH 205284) and #3631A (AMNH 205285). The holotype is LACM 1762 (C. Cate, 1977: 365).

Hexaplex rileyi D'Attilio and Myers, 1984a: 82–84, figs. 1–6

  1. Paratype: AMNH 213801 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: 15 m, 64 km offshore, United Arab Emirates, Persian Gulf.

  3. Collector: K. Riley.

  4. Remarks: The holotype is SDNHM 81618, and additional paratypes are SDNHM 81617a–b and USNM 819632 (D'Attilio and Myers, 1984a: 84).

Hindsiclava hertleini Emerson and Radwin, 1969: 151–152, pl. 28, figs. 5–6, text fig. 3

  1. Holotype: AMNH 150514.

  2. Paratype: AMNH 152603 (1 specimen).

  3. Locality: 101 m, south of Isla Daphne (AMNH 150514); 44 fathoms, off Santa Cruz (AMNH 152603), Galápagos Islands, Ecuador, Pacific Ocean.

  4. Collector: J. DeRoy, May 27 (AMNH 152603) and Nov. 25 (AMNH 150514), 1967.

  5. Remarks: Additional paratypes are SDNHM 50768 and in the collection of A. D'Attilio (Emerson and Radwin, 1969: 152).

Horologica cubensis Rolán and Espinosa, 1992: 46–47, figs. 2–3, 7

  1. Paratype: AMNH 259075 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: 10–30 m, Cienfuegos, Cuba, Atlantic Ocean.

  3. Collector: Unknown.

  4. Remarks: ex Rolán Collection. The holotype is IES 69, and additional paratypes are MCNM 6718 and in the collections of R. Fernández-Garcés and E. Rolán (Rolán and Espinosa, 1992: 47).

Hydrocena saulae van Bentham Jutting, 1966: 40–41, fig. 2

  1. Paratypes: AMNH 152825 (6 specimens).

  2. Locality: Laying Caves, Keninggau, Sabah, Borneo, Indonesia.

  3. Collector: M. Saul, July 2, 1965.

  4. Remarks: ex Saul Collection. The holotype is in ZMA, and additional paratypes are in ZMA and the collection of M. Saul (van Bentham Jutting, 1966: 41).

Hydrocena scalinella van Bentham Jutting, 1966: 39–40, fig. 1

  1. Paratypes: AMNH 152824 (3 specimens).

  2. Locality: Caves on Teck Guan Estate, Lahad Datu, Borneo, Indonesia.

  3. Collector: M. Saul, Aug. 18, 1964.

  4. Remarks: ex Saul Collection. The holotype is in ZMA, and additional paratypes are in ZMA and the collection of M. Saul (van Bentham Jutting, 1966: 41).

Iniforis carmelae Rolán and Fernández-Garcés, 1993: 102–104, figs. 12–15, 28–30

  1. Paratype: AMNH 226458 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: 45 m, Rancho Luna, Cienfuegos, Cuba, Atlantic Ocean.

  3. Collector: E. Rolán.

  4. Remarks: ex Rolán Collection. The holotype is MNCN 15.05/6822, and additional paratypes are BMNH 1992134, ZMA 3.93.006, and in IES, MNHN, and the collections of F. Fernandes and E. Rolán (Rolán and Fernández-Garcés, 1993: 102).

Iniforis immaculata Rolán and Fernández-Garcés, 1993: 104–105, figs. 16–19, 25–27

  1. Paratype: AMNH 226458 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: 15 m, Rancho Luna, Cienfuegos, Cuba, Atlantic Ocean.

  3. Collector: E. Rolán.

  4. Remarks: ex Rolán Collection. The holotype is MNCN 15.05/6821, and additional paratypes are BMNH 1992135, ZMA 3.93.007, and in IES, MNHN, and the collections of R. Fernández-Garcés and E. Rolán (Rolán and Fernández-Garcés, 1993: 104).

Iniforis pseudothomae Rolán and Fernández-Garcés, 1993: 100–102, figs. 5–8, 22–23

  1. Paratype: AMNH 226459 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: 45 m, Rancho Luna, Cienfuegos, Cuba, Atlantic Ocean.

  3. Collector: E. Rolán.

  4. Remarks: ex Rolán Collection. The holotype is MNCN 15.05/6820, and additional paratypes are BMNH 1992133, ZMA 3.93.005, and in IES, MNHN, and the collections of R. Fernández-Garcés and E. Rolán (Rolán and Fernández-Garcés, 1993: 100).

Inodrillia ustickei Hayes in Usticke, 1959: 82, pl. 4, fig. 12

  1. Lectotype: AMNH 195463.

  2. Locality: North of Fredericksted, St. Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands, Atlantic Ocean.

  3. Collector: Unknown.

  4. Remarks: ex Usticke Collection #1125. The authorship of this species has been in some doubt. Usticke (1959: 82) credited the description to M. Hayes, but used the first person to refer to the species on p. vi in the list of taxa, where “I [Usticke] designate as holotypes the new species that are pictured.” This case is similar to that of Conus ustickei Miller in Usticke, and, given the evidence, we must accept Hayes in Usticke as the author of this species. However, because this is the case, the holotype designation by Usticke (1959: vi), not Miller, is actually a lectotype designation. The repository of the paralectotypes is unknown; their existence is indicated by Usticke's (1959: 82) given size range for the taxon of 12–17.5 mm length. This taxon is a synonym of Drillia (Drillia) cydia Bartsch, 1943 (Faber, 1988: 91).

Io brevis Anthony, 1860: 69–70

  1. Paralectotypes: AMNH 276266 (6 specimens).

  2. Locality: Tennessee River, Tennessee, United States.

  3. Collector: J. Anthony.

  4. Remarks: ex MCZ. The lectotype (MCZ 50551) was selected by Turner (1946: 99, as “holotype”); the subsequent designation of ANSP 26873 as lectotype by Baker (1964: 180) is invalid. Additional paralectotypes are in MCZ. This is a form of I. fluviatilis (Say, 1825) (Burch, 1989: 272).

Isotriphora taenialba Rolán and Espinosa, 1994: 64–67, figs. 4–10

  1. Paratypes: AMNH 226468 (2 specimens).

  2. Locality: 10–30 m, Cienfuegos Bay, Cuba, Atlantic Ocean.

  3. Collector: Unknown.

  4. Remarks: ex Rolán Collection. The holotype is MNCN 15.05/11140, and additional paratypes are in BMNH, IES, MNHN, RMNH, ZMA, and the collections of J. Espinosa and E. Rolán (Rolán and Espinosa, 1994: 64).

Ithycythara edithae Usticke, 1971: 24, pl. 4, fig. 1155

  1. Holotype: AMNH 195465.

  2. Locality: Secret Harbor, St. Johns, Antigua, Antigua and Barbuda, Atlantic Ocean.

  3. Collector: Unknown.

  4. Remarks: ex Usticke Collection #1155. The repository of paratypes is unknown; their existence is indicated by Usticke's (1971: 24) given size range for the taxon of 4.75–5.6 mm length.

Kuroshiovolva shingoi Azuma and C. Cate, 1971: 266–267, figs. 14, 20–23

  1. Paratype: AMNH 204861 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: 70–80 fathoms, 2–4 km off Hinomasaki, Kii, Japan, Pacific Ocean.

  3. Collector: Unknown.

  4. Remarks: ex Cate Collection #3884. The holotype is Azuma Collection #14839, and the 2 additional paratypes are Azuma Collection #14910 and in the collection of S. Habu (Azuma and C. Cate, 1971: 267). This species is the type of the genus Kuroshiovolva Azuma and C. Cate, 1971, by monotypy (Azuma and C. Cate, 1971: 266).

Kurtziella quadrilineata “var.” longa Usticke, 1969: 29, pl. 6, fig. 1201

  1. Lectotype: AMNH 195469.

  2. Locality: Ham Bay, St. Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands, Atlantic Ocean.

  3. Collector: Unknown.

  4. Remarks: ex Usticke Collection #1201. Although Usticke (1969: 29) cited this taxon as a “var.,” he listed it as a “n[ew] s[ub] sp[ecies]” (1969: 28), treated it subspecifically in the index, and called it “Kurtziella longa” in the figure caption. We consider this taxon to have been subspecifically described. Usticke (1971: 26) stated that this specimen was the holotype. Because Usticke (1969: 29) did not designate a holotype, Usticke's (1971) action constituted a lectotype designation. The repository of the paralectotypes is unknown; their existence is indicated by Usticke's (1969: 29) given size range for the taxon of 6–10.5 mm length.

Kurtziella (Rubellatoma) powelli Shasky, 1971: 70–71, fig. 7

  1. Paratypes: AMNH 164918 (1 specimen), 222022 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: 30°42′N, 114°41′W, Agua de Chale, Baja California Norte, Mexico, Pacific Ocean.

  3. Collector: D. Shasky, May 3–6, 1962.

  4. Remarks: ex DuShane Collection (AMNH 222022). The holotype is LACM 1574, and additional paratypes are LACM 1575 and in AIM, ANSP, CASIZ, SDMNH, SU, USNM, and the collections of H. DuShane and D. Shasky (Shasky, 1971: 71).

Kurtziella trilineata “var.” macula Usticke, 1969: 28, pl. 6, fig. 1199

  1. Lectotype: AMNH 195468.

  2. Locality: Ham Bay, St. Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands, Atlantic Ocean.

  3. Collector: Unknown.

  4. Remarks: ex Usticke Collection #1199. Although Usticke (1969: 28) cited this taxon as a “var.,” he listed it as a “n[ew] s[ub] sp[ecies]” (1969: 28), treated it subspecifically in the index, and called it “Kurtziella macula” in the figure caption. We consider this taxon to have been subspecifically described. Usticke (1971: 25) stated that this specimen (now AMNH 195468) was the holotype. Because Usticke (1969: 28) did not designate a holotype, Usticke's (1971) action constituted a lectotype designation. The repository of the paralectotypes is unknown; their existence is indicated by Usticke's (1969: 28) given size range for the taxon of 4.5–6 mm length. The identity of this taxon is unclear; it may be a synonym of Agathotoma metria (Dall, 1903) or Tenaturris trilineata (C. B. Adams, 1845) (Faber, 1988: 83).

Kurtziella vincula Usticke, 1969: 29, pl. 6, fig. 1202

  1. Lectotype: AMNH 195470.

  2. Paralectotypes: AMNH 195471 (2 specimens).

  3. Locality: Altona Bay, St. Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands, Atlantic Ocean.

  4. Collector: Unknown.

  5. Remarks: ex Usticke Collection #1202. Usticke (1971: 26) stated that this specimen (now AMNH 195470) was the holotype. Because Usticke (1969: 29) did not designate a holotype, Usticke's (1971) action constituted a lectotype designation. The repository of additional paralectotypes is unknown; their existence is indicated by Usticke's (1969: 29) given size range for the taxon of 6–8.5 mm length.

Kylix contracta McLean and Poorman, 1971: 92, fig.7

  1. Paratype: AMNH 164605 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: 40–70 fathoms, 15°43′N, 96°08′W, Puerto Guatulco, Oaxaca, Mexico, Pacific Ocean.

  3. Collector: G. Willett, March 7, 1938.

  4. Remarks: The holotype is LACM 1474, and additional paratypes are LACM 1475 and in ANSP, CASIZ, SDNHM, and USNM (McLean and Poorman, 1971: 92).

Laeviscala luceo DuShane, 1988: 270, fig. 7

  1. Paratypes: AMNH 275633 (2 specimens).

  2. Locality: 17 m, 21°16.3′N, 157°50.7′W, off Sand Island, Oahu, Hawaii, United States, Pacific Ocean.

  3. Collector: S. Jazwinski, June 1987.

  4. Remarks: ex DuShane Collection. The holotype is BPBM 8989, and additional paratypes are LACM 2325 and in the collection of D. Hemmes (DuShane, 1988: 270). This taxon is placed in the genus Epitonium Röding, 1798, and subgenus Laeviscala de Boury, 1909 (Weil et al., 1999: 96).

Lamellaria koto Schwengel, 1944: 17, pl. 1, figs. 3–6, 6a

  1. Syntypes: AMNH 223499 (2 specimens).

  2. Locality: Near Bradenton Beach, Manatee Co., Florida, United States, Atlantic Ocean.

  3. Collector: A. Koto, Jan. 11–Feb. 23, 1944.

  4. Remarks: ex Bijur Collection. The repository of additional syntypes is unknown.

Lanistes (Meladomus) procerus langi Pilsbry and Bequaert, 1927: 197–198, pl. 17, figs. 1–4

  1. Holotype: AMNH 72069 (lost).

  2. Paratypes: AMNH 72070 (unknown number of specimens; lost), 72104 (36 specimens), 162398 (3 specimens, alcohol).

  3. Locality: 00°30′N, 25°15′E, Stanleyville (= Kisangani), Belgian Congo (= Zaire = Democratic Republic of the Congo), Africa.

  4. Collector: H. Lang and J. Chapin, 1909–1915.

  5. Remarks: Additional paratypes are MCZ 171494 (28 specimens ex AMNH 72104). The repository of the additional approximately 100+ paratypes is unknown. AMNH 72069 and 72070 were recorded as lost in July 1945, and the file cards are missing from AMNH; the number of specimens originally present in AMNH 72070 therefore cannot be determined. This taxon is a synonym of L. ovum Peters, 1845 (Brown, 1980: 52).

Latiaxis (Babelomurex) dalli Emerson and D'Attilio, 1963: 4–8, figs. 1–3

  1. Paratype: AMNH 102799 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: 200–230 fathoms, southwest of Egmont Key, Hillsborough Co., Florida, United States, Atlantic Ocean.

  3. Collector: J. Moore, May 1962.

  4. Remarks: The holotype is USNM 87215, and additional paratypes are MCZ 7321 and in the collections of J. Moore and D. Steger (Emerson and D'Attilio, 1963: 5). This taxon is placed in the genus Babelomurex Coen, 1922 (Kosuge and Suzuki, 1985: 12).

Latiaxis (Babelomurex) fearnleyi Emerson and D'Attilio, 1965a: 101–102, figs. 1–4, 6

  1. Holotype: AMNH 111976.

  2. Paratypes: AMNH 120585 (1 specimen), 120586 (1 specimen), 120587 (1 specimen), 136939 (1 specimen).

  3. Locality: 8 fathoms, 1 mi northwest of Dawson's Reef, 7 mi southeast of Cooktown, Queensland, Australia, Pacific Ocean.

  4. Collector: J. Fearnley.

  5. Remarks: ex D'Attilio collection (AMNH 136939). Additional paratypes are AM 25110, 64476, ANSP 297260, and in the collections of A. D'Attilio (5 or 6 specimens) and B. F. Grunzig (4 specimens) (Emerson and D'Attilio, 1965a: 102). Because AMNH was originally cited by Emerson and D'Attilio (1965a) to contain only 2 paratype specimens, it is unclear what the origin of AMNH 120587 was, although it may have come from the collection of A. D'Attilio. In Emerson and D'Attilio (1965a), AMNH 111976 is figs. 1–2, AMNH 120585 is figs. 3–4, and AMNH 120586 is fig. 6. This taxon is placed in the genus Babelomurex Coen, 1922 (Wilson, 1994: 16).

Latiaxis (Pseudomurex) garrardi D'Attilio, 1968: 7–8, pl. 1, top four figs

  1. Paratype: AMNH 135640 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: 55–58 fathoms, 18 mi north-northeast of Cape Moreton, due east of Caloundra, Queensland, Australia, Pacific Ocean.

  3. Collector: Unknown.

  4. Remarks: The holotype is AM C.65908 (D'Attilio, 1968: 7). This taxon is placed in the genus Hirtomurex Coen, 1922 (Wilson, 1994: 18).

Latiaxis pisori D'Attilio and Emerson, 1980: 71, pl. 19, figs. 5–6; pl. 20, fig. 7

  1. Paratype: AMNH 203624 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: Off Mactan Island, Cebu, Philippines, Pacific Ocean.

  3. Collector: Unknown.

  4. Remarks: The holotype is SDNHM 73603, and additional paratypes are in SDNHM (D'Attilio and Emerson, 1980: 71). This taxon is a synonym of Babelomurex longispinosus (Suzuki, 1972) (Kosuge and Suzuki, 1985: 15).

Latiaxis (Balelomurex) santacruzensis Emerson and D'Attilio, 1970a: 272–273, pl. 40, figs. 1–4

  1. Holotype: AMNH 155901.

  2. Paratype: 155902 (1 immature specimen).

  3. Locality: 150 m, south of Academy Bay, Santa Cruz Island, Galápagos Islands, Ecuador, Pacific Ocean.

  4. Collector: J. and A. DeRoy, May 29, 1968.

  5. Remarks: Additional paratypes are AHF 810–38 and in the collections of A. D'Attilio and J. DeRoy (Emerson and D'Attilio, 1970a: 273). This taxon is placed in the genus Babelomurex Coen, 1922 (Finet, 1994: 54).

Latirus deynzerorum Emerson and Sage, 1990b: 1, figs. 1–3

  1. Holotype: AMNH 232138.

  2. Paratypes: AMNH 232139 (2 specimens), 232139a (2 specimens).

  3. Locality: 11°03′N, 124°00′E, off Bogo, northeast Cebu Island, Philippines, Pacific Ocean.

  4. Collector: Unknown, May 1981.

  5. Remarks: Additional paratypes are in the collection of A. Deynzer (Emerson and Sage, 1990b: 1). The paratypes figured by Emerson and Sage (1990b: figs. 2–3) have been split from AMNH 232139 as AMNH 232139A.

Latirus karinae Usticke, 1969: 18, pl. 4, fig. 821

  1. Lectotype: AMNH 198490.

  2. Locality: Puerto Rico, Atlantic Ocean.

  3. Collector: Unknown.

  4. Remarks: ex Usticke Collection #821. We herein select the specimen figured by Usticke (1969, pl. 4, fig. 821) as lectotype to fix the identity of this poorly defined taxon. The repository of the paralectotypes is unknown; their existence is indicated by Usticke's (1969: 18) given size range for the taxon of 30–44 mm length. This taxon is a synonym of L. virginensis Abbott, 1958 (Faber, 1988: 82).

Lepetodrilus elevatus elevatus McLean, 1988: 11–12, figs. 5–6, 36–44

  1. Paratypes: AMNH 232305 (20 specimens, alcohol), 232306 (20 specimens, alcohol), 232307 (20 specimens, alcohol).

  2. Locality: Dive 1214, 2633 m, 20°50′N, 109°06′W (AMNH 232305), Dive 1221, 2618 m, 20°50′N, 109°06′W (AMNH 232307), Dive 1225, 2618 m, 20°50′N, 109°06′W (AMNH 232306), East Pacific Rise, Pacific Ocean.

  3. Collector: R/V “Alvin,” April 20 (AMNH 232305), May 4 (AMNH 232307), May 9 (AMNH 232306), 1982.

  4. Remarks: ex LACM. The holotype is LACM 2127, and additional paratypes are in LACM, MNHN, USNM, and numerous other museums cited by McLean (1988: 5, 12).

Lepetodrilus elevatus galriftensis McLean, 1988: 13, figs. 7–8, 45–50

  1. Paratypes: AMNH 232308 (3 specimens, alcohol).

  2. Locality: Dive 884, 2482 m, 00°48.1′N, 86°76′W, Galápagos Rift, Pacific Ocean.

  3. Collector: R/V “Alvin,” Jan. 25, 1979.

  4. Remarks: ex LACM. The holotype is LACM 2128, and additional paratypes are in LACM, MNHN, USNM, and numerous other museums cited by McLean (1988: 5, 13).

Lepetodrilus fucensis McLean, 1988: 18, figs. 17–20, 75–83

  1. Paratypes: AMNH 232311 (15 specimens).

  2. Locality: Dive 1419, 2208 m, 47°57′N, 129°04′W, Endeavor Segment, Juan de Fuca Ridge, Pacific Ocean.

  3. Collector: R/V “Alvin,” July 25, 1984.

  4. Remarks: ex LACM. The holotype is LACM 2132, and additional paratypes are in LACM, MNHN, USNM, and numerous other museums cited by McLean (1988: 5, 18).

Lepetodrilus ovalis McLean, 1988: 14–15, figs. 9–12, 51–56

  1. Paratypes: AMNH 232309 (3 specimens, alcohol), 232310 (3 specimens, alcohol).

  2. Locality: Dive 1214, 2633 m (AMNH 232309), 2618 m (AMNH 232310), 20°50′N, 109°06′W, East Pacific Rise, Pacific Ocean.

  3. Collector: R/V “Alvin,” April 20, 1982 (AMNH 232309), May 4, 1982 (AMNH 232310).

  4. Remarks: ex LACM. The holotype is LACM 2129, and additional paratypes are in LACM, MNHN, USNM, and numerous other museums cited by McLean (McLean, 1988: 5, 14).

Lepetodrilus pustulosus McLean, 1988: 8–11, figs. 1–4, 25–35

  1. Paratypes: AMNH 232302 (4 specimens, alcohol), 232303 (12 specimens, alcohol), 232304 (20 specimens, alcohol).

  2. Locality: Dive 884, 2482 m, 00°48.1′N, 86°76′W, Galápagos Rift (AMNH 232302), Dive 1214, 2633 m, 20°50′N, 109°06′W (AMNH 232304), Dive 1219, 2612 m, 20°50′N, 109°06′W (AMNH 232303), East Pacific Rise, Pacific Ocean.

  3. Collector: R/V “Alvin,” Jan. 25, 1979 (AMNH 232302), April 20, (AMNH 232304), April 25 (AMNH 232305), 1982.

  4. Remarks: The holotype is LACM 2126, and additional paratypes are in LACM, MNHN, USNM, and numerous other museums cited by McLean (1988: 5, 11). This taxon is the type of the genus Lepetodrilus McLean, 1988, by original designation, which is the type of the family Lepetodrilidae McLean, 1988, by monotypy, which is the type of the superfamily Lepetodrilacea McLean, 1988, by original designation (McLean, 1988: 6).

Leptoconus (Thoraconus) biraghii Raybaudi, 1992: 31, pl. 3, figs. 16–20, 22

  1. Paratype: AMNH 239749 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: Obja, 600 km north of Mogadishu, Somalia, Indian Ocean.

  3. Collector: Natives.

  4. Remarks: ex Raybaudi Collection (paratype #9). The holotype is SMNS 8470, and additional paratypes are MHNG 16153 and in the collections of G. Biraghi, W. Korn, K. Nicolay, G. Raybaudi, and D. Röckel (Raybaudi, 1992: 32).

Leucozonia ocellata “var.” lineata Usticke, 1969: 18, pl. 4, fig. 831

  1. Lectotype: AMNH 195434.

  2. Locality: Buccoo Reef, Tobago, British Virgin Islands, Atlantic Ocean.

  3. Collector: Unknown.

  4. Remarks: ex Usticke Collection #831. Although Usticke (1969: 18) cited this taxon as a “var.,” he listed it as a “n[ew] sp[ecies]” (1969: 18), treated it subspecifically in the index, and called it “Leucozonia lineata” in the figure caption. We consider this taxon to have been subspecifically described. Usticke (1971: 14) stated that this specimen (now AMNH 195434) was the holotype. Because Usticke (1969: 18) did not designate a holotype, Usticke's (1971) action constituted a lectotype designation. The repository of the paralectotypes is unknown; their existence is indicated by Usticke's (1969: 18) given size range for the taxon of 22–27 mm length. This taxon is a synonym of L. ocellata (Gmelin, 1791) (Faber, 1988: 83).

Limnotrochus kirkii Smith, 1880a: 426

  1. Syntypes: AMNH 56101 (2 specimens).

  2. Locality: Lake Tanganyika, Kenya.

  3. Collector: E. Hore.

  4. Remarks: ex Unknown Collection #11962. This taxon was figured by Smith (1881: pl. 33, figs. 18, 18a, 18b), and is the type of the genus Chytra Moore, 1898, by monotypy (Pilsbry and Bequaert, 1927: 319).

Lioglyphostoma armstrongi Hertlein and Strong, 1955: 230–231, pl. 3, fig. 12

  1. Holotype: AMNH 73442.

  2. Locality: Sta. 30, sample 78, 25–64 m, Guayabo, Chiquito, Panama, Pacific Ocean.

  3. Collector: “Askoy” Expedition, March 4, 1941.

  4. Remarks: AMNH 73442 is the holotype by monotypy. This taxon is a synonym of Glyphostoma (G.) neglecta (Hinds, 1843) (Keen, 1971: 745).

Lioglyphostoma rectilabrum McLean and Poorman, 1971: 101, fig. 28

  1. Paratype: AMNH 222057 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: 15–25 fathoms, 27°50′N, 110°55′W, off Cabo Haro, Guaymas, Mexico, Pacific Ocean.

  3. Collector: Ariel Expedition, Aug. 28, 1960.

  4. Remarks: ex DuShane Collection. The holotype is LACM 1512 (McLean and Poorman, 1971: 101).

Lirularia antoniae Rubio and Rolán, 1997: figs. 1a–b, 2–6

  1. Paratypes: AMNH 294295 (2 specimens), 295746 (2 specimens).

  2. Locality: Praia das Conchas, São Tomé Island, São Tomé and Principe, Atlantic Ocean.

  3. Collector: E. Rolán, 1989–1990.

  4. Remarks: ex Rolán Collection. The holotype is MNCN 15.05/23749, and additional paratypes are in BMNH, MNHN, and the collections of E. Rolán and F. Rubio (Rubio and Rolán, 1997: 24).

Lithasiopsis hinkleyi Pilsbry, 1910: 48–49, figs. 1–3

  1. Paralectotypes: AMNH 2631 (8 specimens).

  2. Locality: Coy River, tributary of Panuco, San Luis Potosi, Mexico.

  3. Collector: A. Hinkley, Jan.–Feb. 1909.

  4. Remarks: ex Hinkley Collection. The lectotype was selected by Baker (1964: 183) as ANSP 99484a. The repository of additional paralectotypes is unknown.

Lithasiopsis mexicanus Pilsbry, 1910: 49–50, fig. 4

  1. Paralectotypes: AMNH 2632 (5 specimens).

  2. Locality: Montezuma River at the ford, short distance above Tampamolon, San Luis Potosi, Mexico.

  3. Collector: A. Hinkley, Jan.–Feb. 1909.

  4. Remarks: ex Hinkley Collection. The lectotype was selected by Baker (1964: 185) as ANSP 99483a. The repository of additional paralectotypes is unknown.

Lithoglyphus rufofilosus Smith, 1880a: 426

  1. Syntypes: AMNH 56100 (2 specimens).

  2. Locality: Lake Tanganyika, Kenya.

  3. Collector: J. Thomson.

  4. Remarks: ex Unknown Collection #11961. This taxon was figured by Smith (1881: pl. 33, figs. 20, 20a) and is the type of the genus Tanganyicia Crosse, 1881, by monotypy, as T. rufofilosa (Pilsbry and Bequaert, 1927: 303).

Lithoglyphus zonatus Woodward, 1859: 349, pl. 47, fig. 3

  1. Syntype: AMNH 56097 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: Lake Tanganyika, Kenya.

  3. Collector: Capt. R. Speke.

  4. Remarks: ex Unknown Collection #11957. This taxon is the type of the genus Spekia Bourguignat, 1879, by monotypy (Pilsbry and Bequaert, 1927: 315).

Littorina albicarinata McLean, 1970b: 127, fig. 36

  1. Paratypes: AMNH 160263 (4 specimens).

  2. Locality: 26°38′N, 111°50′W, El Requeson, Concepcion Bay, Baja California Sur, Mexico, Pacific Ocean.

  3. Collector: R. Maynard, Aug. 1963.

  4. Remarks: The holotype is LACM 1399, and additional paratypes are LACM 1400, MCZ 277817, and in ANSP, CASIZ, SBMNH, SU, and USNM (McLean, 1970b: 126).

Lucapinella gigas Usticke, 1959: 23, pl. 2, fig. 3

  1. Holotype: AMNH 195404.

  2. Paratype: AMNH 294358 (1 specimen).

  3. Locality: Buccaneer Beach, Altona Bay, St. Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands, Atlantic Ocean.

  4. Collector: Unknown.

  5. Remarks: ex Usticke Collection #54 (AMNH 195404) and Schwartz Collection (AMNH 294358). The type locality was given by Usticke (1959: 23) as “Altona Bay,” but he subsequently (1971: 3) cited it as listed above. The repository of additional paratypes is unknown; their existence is indicated by Usticke's (1959: 23) given size range for the taxon of 15–26.5 mm length.

Lucapinella gigas “var.” oblonga Usticke, 1959: 23, pl. 2, fig. 4

  1. Holotype: AMNH 195405.

  2. Paratype: AMNH 294364 (1 specimen).

  3. Locality: Altona Bay, St. Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands, Atlantic Ocean.

  4. Collector: Unknown.

  5. Remarks: ex Usticke Collection #55 (AMNH 195405) and Schwartz Collection (AMNH 294364). Although Usticke cited this taxon as a “var.” (= variety) and as a “minor variety” (1959: 23), he first listed it (1959: vi) as a “new…subspecies.” We consider this taxon to have been subspecifically described and the holotype to be valid. The repository of additional paratypes is unknown; their existence is indicated by Usticke's (1959: 23) given size range for the taxon of 14–18 mm length.

Lucapinella limatula delicata Usticke, 1969: 8, pl. 1, fig. 52

  1. Lectotype: AMNH 195391.

  2. Locality: St. Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands, Atlantic Ocean.

  3. Collector: G. W. N. Usticke.

  4. Remarks: ex Usticke Collection #52. We herein select the specimen figured by Usticke (1969, pl. 1, fig. 52) as lectotype to fix the identity of this poorly defined taxon. The repository of the paralectotypes is unknown; their existence is indicated by Usticke's (1969: 8) given size range for the taxon of 10–13 mm length.

Lucapinella limatula hassleri Pérez Farfante, 1943: 20, pl. 5, figs. 4–5

  1. Paratype: AMNH 223210 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: 17 fathoms, 41°17′S, 63°00′W, off Cabo Bermeja, Argentina, Atlantic Ocean.

  3. Collector: R/V “Hassler.”

  4. Remarks: ex MCZ. The holotype is MCZ 152227 (Pérez Farfante, 1943: 20), and additional paratypes are MCZ 150738 and 152228.

Lucidella (Poeniella) peasei Pilsbry, 1933: 133, pl. 7, figs. 8, 8a

  1. Paratypes: AMNH 95471 (2 specimens).

  2. Locality: St. 85, 3000 ft, Señor Del Monte's Plantation, 5–6 mi west of Barahona, near Salvation, Dominican Republic.

  3. Collector: D. Pease, Aug. 4, 1932.

  4. Remarks: ex Pease Collection. The holotype and paratypes are ANSP 160986, and additional paratypes are in the Pease Collection (Pilsbry, 1933: 133).

Lyncina titan F. and M. Schilder, 1962: 207–212, fig. 1

  1. Paratypes: AMNH 105206 (1 specimen), 186635 (2 specimens), 196007 (2 specimens).

  2. Locality: Shimoni, Kenya, Indian Ocean.

  3. Collector: R. Benton, Aug. 28, 1961 (AMNH 196007), April 5, 1962 (AMNH 105206), May 4, 1962 (AMNH 186635).

  4. Remarks: ex Schilder Collection (AMNH 105206), Summers Collection (AMNH 186635), and Cate Collection #3076 (AMNH 196007). The holotype was Schilder Collection #13208 and 1176 (radula) (current repository unknown) and “SMF” 166534 (F. and. M. Schilder, 1962: 208). The repository of the additional 141 possible paratypes is unknown. This taxon is a subspecies of Lyncina leviathan (Schilder and Schilder, 1937) (Lorenz and Hubert, 1993: 70).

Lyria leonardi Emerson, 1985a: 29, figs. 1–6

  1. Holotype: AMNH 213575.

  2. Locality: 1500 m, off Cabo Rojo, Puerto Rico, Atlantic Ocean.

  3. Collector: Unknown.

  4. Remarks: The paratype is USNM 820640 (Emerson, 1985: 29, 31).

Lyria leslieboschae Emerson and Sage, 1986: 103–104, figs. 1, 3–5

  1. Holotype: AMNH 221655.

  2. Paratypes: AMNH 221656 (3 specimens).

  3. Locality: Ca. 8 km south of the village of Haql, southeastern coast of Masirah Island, Oman, Indian Ocean.

  4. Collector: D., E., L., and D. Bosch, Jan. 1985.

  5. Remarks: ex Bosch Collection.

Lyria russjenseni Emerson, 1985a: 31, figs. 7–15

  1. Holotype: AMNH 213576.

  2. Paratype: AMNH 213574 (1 specimen).

  3. Locality: From lobster pot, off La Paguera (AMNH 213576); in fish trap, 300 m, 8–10 mi offshore, off Cabo Rojo (AMNH 213574), Puerto Rico, Atlantic Ocean.

  4. Collector: “Fishermen,” 1978 (AMNH 213576); M. Carlo, 1979 (AMNH 213574).

  5. Remarks: Additional paratypes are in the collections of M. Cahill, G. Curry, Sr., and H. Lee (Emerson, 1985a: 31).

Macrarene spectabilospina Shasky, 1970: 188, figs. 1–2

  1. Paratype: AMNH 179303 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: Sta. N-13, 82 m, 15°08′N, 93°23′W, Gulf of Tehuantepec, Chiapas, Mexico, Pacific Ocean.

  3. Collector: D. Shasky, July 10, 1963.

  4. Remarks: ex Shasky Collection. The holotype is LACM 1409, and additional paratypes are in CASIZ, SDNHM, USNM, and the collection of D. Shasky (Shasky, 1970: 189).

Macromphalina apexplanum Rolán and Rubio, 1998: 56, figs. 81–83

  1. Holotype: AMNH 194779.

  2. Paratype: AMNH 226549 (1 specimen).

  3. Locality: St. John's, Antigua, Antigua and Barbuda, Atlantic Ocean.

  4. Collector: G. Nowell-Usticke, 1968.

  5. Remarks: ex Rolán Collection. Additional paratypes are FLMNH 160484, 231594, and in IIMC and the collections of H. Lee and E. Rolán (Rolán and Rubio, 1998: 56).

Macromphalina canarreos Rolán and Rubio, 1998: 50–52, figs. 67–71

  1. Paratype: AMNH 226544 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: 20 m, Cayo Avalos, Los Canarreos Archipeligo, Cuba, Atlantic Ocean.

  3. Collector: Unknown.

  4. Remarks: ex Rolán Collection. The holotype is MNCN 15.05/23754, and additional paratypes are in FLMNH and the collections of R. Fernández-Garcés and E. Rolán (Rolán and Rubio, 1998: 50).

Macromphalina garcesi Rolán and Rubio, 1998: 42–44, figs. 50–53

  1. Paratype: AMNH 226544 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: Cienfuegos Bay, Cuba, Atlantic Ocean.

  3. Collector: A. Fernández-Garcés.

  4. Remarks: ex Rolán Collection. The holotype is MNCN 15.05/23751, and additional paratypes are ANSP 399245, BMNH 1996032, USNM 890427, and in FMNH, IES, MNHN, ZMA, and the collections of R. Fernández-Garcés, C. Redfern, F. Rubio, and E. Rolán (Rolán and Rubio, 1998: 42). Rolán and Rubio (1998) incorrectly cited AMNH 226544 as containing two specimens.

Macromphalina jibacoa Rolán and Rubio, 1998: 54–56, figs. 77–80

  1. Paratype: AMNH 226548 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: Jibacoa, between La Habana and Veradero, Cuba, Atlantic Ocean.

  3. Collector: Unknown.

  4. Remarks: ex Rolán Collection. The holotype is MNCN 15.05/23756, and additional paratypes are in the collection of E. Rolán (Rolán and Rubio, 1998: 54).

Macromphalina paradoxa Rolán and Rubio, 1998: 46–48, figs. 58–61

  1. Paratypes: AMNH 226542 (2 specimens).

  2. Locality: Cienfuegos Bay, Cuba, Atlantic Ocean.

  3. Collector: Unknown.

  4. Remarks: ex Rolán Collection. The holotype is MNCN 15.05/23753, and additional paratypes are ANSP 399246, BMNH 1996030, and in IES, MNCN, MNHN, and the collections of R. Fernández-Garcés, C. Redfern, E. Rolán, and F. Rubio (Rolán and Rubio, 1998: 46).

Macromphalina redferni Rolán and Rubio, 1998: 52–54, figs. 72–76, 104

  1. Paratype: AMNH 226543 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: Treasure Cove, Albaco Island, Bahamas, Atlantic Ocean.

  3. Collector: C. Redfern.

  4. Remarks: ex Rolán Collection. The holotype is ANSP 399247, and additional paratypes are ANSP 374131, 398254, 375380, BMNH 1996031, MNCN 15.05/23755, USNM 890426, and in IES, MNHN, and the collections of R. Fernández-Garcés, H. Lee, C. Redfern, E. Rolán, and F. Rubio (Rolán and Rubio, 1998: 52).

Macromphalina robertsoni Rolán and Rubio, 1998: 44–46, figs. 54–57

  1. Paratype: AMNH 226541 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: 15–56 m, Cienfuegos Bay, Cuba, Atlantic Ocean.

  3. Collector: Unknown.

  4. Remarks: ex Rolán Collection. The holotype is MNCN 15.05/23752, and additional paratypes are ANSP 399244, BMNH 1996029, USNM 890425, and in IES, MNHN, and the collections of R. Fernández-Garcés, C. Redfern, E. Rolán, and F. Rubio (Rolán and Rubio, 1998: 44).

Maesiella maesae McLean and Poorman, 1971: 101–102, fig. 29

  1. Paratype: AMNH 164603 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: 17 fathoms, 1 mi south of Puerto San Carlos, Guaymas, Sonora, Mexico, Pacific Ocean.

  3. Collector: F. and R. Poorman, March 1964 or Dec. 1965.

  4. Remarks: The holotype is LACM 1513, and additional paratypes are LACM 1514, MCZ 278865, and in ANSP, CASIZ, SDNHM, SU, and USNM (McLean and Poorman, 1971: 102).

Mangelia digressa Rolán and Otero-Schmitt, 1999: 18–19, figs. 57–62, 97–98

  1. Paratype: AMNH 297642 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: 60–80 m, Luanda, Angola, Atlantic Ocean.

  3. Collector: Unknown.

  4. Remarks: The holotype is MNCN 15.05/35600, and additional paratypes are in MNHN, USNM, ZSM, and the collections of J. Otero-Schmitt, E. Rolán, and P. Ryall (Rolán and Otero-Schmitt, 1999: 18).

Mangelia inusitata Rolán and Otero-Schmitt, 1999: 14–16, figs. 37–41, 93

  1. Paratype: AMNH 297643 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: 25–30 m, Buraco, Palmeirinhas, Luanda Province, Angola, Atlantic Ocean.

  3. Collector: Unknown.

  4. Remarks: The holotype is in MNHN, and additional paratypes are MNCN 15.05/35599 and in MNHN and the collection of E. Rolán (Rolán and Otero-Schmitt, 1999: 14).

Mangelia lineorosata Rolán and Otero-Schmitt, 1999: 6–10, figs. 1–13, 83

  1. Paratypes: AMNH 297644 (2 specimens).

  2. Locality: Luanda, Angola, Atlantic Ocean.

  3. Collector: Unknown.

  4. Remarks: The holotype is MNCN 15.05/35596, and additional paratypes are in IRSBN, MNHN, ZMB, ZSM, and the collections of J. Otero-Schmitt and E. Rolán (Rolán and Otero-Schmitt, 1999: 6).

Manzonia boavistensis Rolán, 1987: 30–31, pl. 1, fig. 3; pl. 2, fig. 3

  1. Paratype: AMNH 238007 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: 8 m, Bahia Teodora, Boavista Island, Cape Verde Islands, Portugal, Atlantic Ocean.

  3. Collector: E. Rolán.

  4. Remarks: ex Rolán Collection. The holotype is in MCNM, and additional paratypes are in BMNH, CZL, MCNM, MNHNP, ZMA, and the collection of E. Rolán (Rolán, 1987: 30).

Manzonia bravensis Rolán, 1987: 28–29, pl. 1, fig. 1; pl. 2, fig. 2

  1. Paratypes: AMNH 238005 (3 specimens).

  2. Locality: 8 m, Fuma, Brava Island, Cape Verde Islands, Portugal, Atlantic Ocean.

  3. Collector: E. Rolán.

  4. Remarks: ex Rolán Collection. The holotype is in MCNM, and additional paratypes are in BMNH, CZL, MCNM, MNHNP, ZMA, and the collection of E. Rolán (Rolán, 1987: 28).

Manzonia caboverdensis Rolán, 1987: 32–33, pl. 1, fig. 5; pl. 2, fig. 5

  1. Paratypes: AMNH 238009 (3 specimens).

  2. Locality: 8 m, Fuma, Brava Island, Cape Verde Islands, Portugal, Atlantic Ocean.

  3. Collector: E. Rolán.

  4. Remarks: ex Rolán Collection. The holotype is in MCNM, and additional paratypes are in BMNH, CZL, MCNM, MNHNP, ZMA, and the collection of E. Rolán (Rolán, 1987: 32).

Manzonia gofasi Rolán and Fernandes, 1990a: 63–64, figs. 1–3

  1. Paratypes: AMNH 225172 (2 specimens).

  2. Locality: 100 m, off Luanda, Angola, Atlantic Ocean.

  3. Collector: Unknown, Feb. 15, 1990.

  4. Remarks: ex Rolán Collection. The holotype is MCNM 15.05/1038, and additional paratypes are in BMNH, CZL, MIST, MNHNP, and the collections of F. Fernandes and E. Rolán (Rolán and Fernandes, 1990: 64).

Manzonia insulsa Rolán, 1987: 33–34, pl. 1, fig. 6; pl. 2, fig. 6

  1. Paratype: AMNH 238010 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: 1 m, Rabo de Junco, Sal Island, Cape Verde Islands, Portugal, Atlantic Ocean.

  3. Collector: E. Rolán.

  4. Remarks: ex Rolán Collection. The holotype is in MCNM, and additional paratypes are in BMNH, CZL, MNHNP, ZMA, and the collection of E. Rolán (Rolán, 1987: 33).

Manzonia salensis Rolán, 1987: 31–32, pl. 1, fig. 4; pl. 2, figs. 4, 11

  1. Paratypes: AMNH 238008 (2 specimens).

  2. Locality: 1 m, Rabo do Junco, Sal Island, Cape Verde Islands, Portugal, Atlantic Ocean.

  3. Collector: E. Rolán.

  4. Remarks: ex Rolán Collection. The holotype is in MCNM, and additional paratypes are in BMNH, CZL, MCNM, MNHNP, ZMA, and the collection of E. Rolán (Rolán, 1987: 31).

Manzonia segadei Rolán, 1987: 29–30, pl. 1, fig. 2; pl. 2, figs. 2, 9

  1. Paratypes: AMNH 238006 (2 specimens).

  2. Locality: 8 m, Fuma, Brava Island, Cape Verde Islands, Portugal, Atlantic Ocean.

  3. Collector: E. Rolán.

  4. Remarks: ex Rolán Collection. The holotype is in MCNM, and additional paratypes are in BMNH, CZL, MCNM, MNHNP, ZMA, and the collection of E. Rolán (Rolán, 1987: 29).

Manzonia xicoi Rolán, 1987: 34–35, pl. 1, fig. 7; pl. 2, figs. 7–8, 10

  1. Paratypes: AMNH 238011 (3 specimens).

  2. Locality: 8 m, Fuma, Brava Island, Cape Verde Islands, Portugal, Atlantic Ocean.

  3. Collector: E. Rolán.

  4. Remarks: ex Rolán Collection. The holotype is in MCNM, and additional paratypes are in BMNH, CZL, MCNM, MNHNP, ZMA, and the collection of E. Rolán (Rolán, 1987: 34).

Mareleptopoma chefyae Rolán, Espinosa, and Fernández-Garcés, 1990: 87, pl. 2, figs. 6–9

  1. Paratype: AMNH 232336 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: 50 m, Cienfuegos, Cuba, Atlantic Ocean.

  3. Collector: R. Fernández-Garcés, June 18, 1991.

  4. Remarks: ex Rolán Collection. The holotype is IES 85, and additional paratypes are MNCN 15.05/2682 and in MNHN, ZMA, and the collections of R. Fernández-Garcés and E. Rolán (Rolán et al., 1990: 87).

Maraleptopoma katyae Rolán, Espinosa, and Fernández-Garcés, 1990: 87–88, pl. 2, figs. 10–11

  1. Paratype: AMNH 232337 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: 50 m, Cienfuegos, Cuba, Atlantic Ocean.

  3. Collector: R. Fernández-Garcés, June 18, 1991.

  4. Remarks: ex Rolán Collection. The holotype is IES 87, and additional paratypes are MNCN 15.05/2678 and in ZMA and the collections of R. Fernández-Garcés and E. Rolán (Rolán et al., 1990: 88).

Mareleptopoma verdensis Rolán and Rubio, 1999: 6–8, figs. 20–22

  1. Paratype: AMNH 294229 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: 2–4 m, Praia da Cruz, north of Sal Rei, Boa Vista Island, Cape Verde Islands, Portugal, Atlantic Ocean.

  3. Collector: Unknown.

  4. Remarks: ex Rolán Collection. The holotype is MNCN 15.05/32189, and additional paratypes are in MNCN, MNHN, USNM, and the collections of E. Rolán and F. Rubio (Rolán and Rubio, 1999: 6).

Margarites umbilicalis spiralis Baker, 1919: 504

  1. Holotype: AMNH 2511.

  2. Locality: Etah, Greenland, Atlantic Ocean.

  3. Collector: W. Ekblaw and M. Tanquary [Crocker Land Expedition], 1914.

  4. Remarks: A paratype is NHMUI Z10863 (Baker, 1919: 504). Although Baker (1919: 504) described this taxon as a “new variety,” he used the term “variety” in a subspecific sense throughout his (1919) paper. We consider this taxon to have been subspecifically described, and we figure the holotype (fig. 14 herein).

Marginella carquejai Gofas and Fernandes, 1994: 113–114, figs. 14, 20

  1. Paratype: AMNH 275789 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: Praia Amélia, Namibe, Moçâmedes, Angola, Atlantic Ocean.

  3. Collector: F. Fernandes, Jan. 1991.

  4. Remarks: ex F. Fernandes. The holotype is in MNHN, and additional paratypes are in BMNH, IIT, MNHN, NM, UAN, and the collection of F. Fernandes (Gofas and Fernandes, 1994: 113).

Marginella (Gibberula) charbarensis Melvill, 1897: 7, pl. 6, fig. 16

  1. Syntypes: AMNH 35833 (2 specimens).

  2. Locality: Charbar, Mekran Coast, Gulf of Oman.

  3. Collector: F. Townsend.

  4. Remarks: ex Maxwell Smith Collection. This taxon is placed in the genus Gibberula Swainson, 1840 (Bosch et al., 1995: 146).

Marginella evax Li, 1930: 270–271, pl. 7, fig. 58

  1. Lectotype: AMNH 269083.

  2. Paralectotypes: AMNH 269084 (39 specimens), 269085 (1 specimen).

  3. Locality: Mouth of Rio Grande, in mud, 10–40 ft, 1 mi from mainland near La Boca, Panama Bay, Panama, Pacific Ocean.

  4. Collector: D. MacDonald, 1907.

  5. Remarks: ex Columbia University 22118. AMNH 269083 was selected as lectotype by Coan and Roth (1966: 279). Although the type lot originally contained 41 specimens, Pilsbry (1931: 433) cited only 6 examples. This taxon is a synonym of Prunum (P.) sapotilla (Hinds, 1844) (Keen, 1971: 633).

Marginella luculenta Gofas and Fernandes, 1994: 106–108, figs. 5–6, 22

  1. Paratypes: AMNH 275787 (3 specimens).

  2. Locality: 50 m, off Ilha de Luanda, Luanda, Angola, Atlantic Ocean.

  3. Collector: F. Fernandes, Oct. 1993.

  4. Remarks: ex F. Fernandes. The holotype is in MNHN, and additional paratypes are in BMNH, IIT, MNHN, NM, UAN, and the collection of F. Fernandes (Gofas and Fernandes, 1994: 106).

Marginella (Prunum) matthewsi van Mol and Tursch, 1967: 196, fig. 1

  1. Paratype: AMNH 134492 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: ex fish stomachs (“pacamão”), 20 fathoms, off Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil, Atlantic Ocean.

  3. Collector: Unknown.

  4. Remarks: The holotype is SU 9856, and the additional paratype is in the collection of B. Tursch (van Mol and Tursch, 1967: 197). This taxon is placed in the genus Bullata Jousseaume, 1875 (Rios, 1994: 147).

Marginella spinacia Gofas and Fernandes, 1988: 4–6, figs. 2–3, pl. 1, fig. c

  1. Paratypes: AMNH 238668 (5 specimens).

  2. Locality: 2–5 m, Esprainha Beach, São Tomé and Principe, Atlantic Ocean.

  3. Collector: F. Fernandes, Nov. 23, 1986.

  4. Remarks: ex Fernandes Collection. The holotype is in MNHN, and additional paratypes are in IIT, MNHN, NMW, SAM, UAN, and the collections of F. Fernandes and J. Tomlin (Gofas and Fernandes, 1988: 4).

Marginella undulans Gofas and Fernandes, 1994: 110–111, figs. 10, 23

  1. Paratypes: AMNH 275788 (4 specimens).

  2. Locality: Praia Amélia, Namibe, Moçâmedes, Angola, Atlantic Ocean.

  3. Collector: F. Fernandes, Oct. 1987.

  4. Remarks: ex F. Fernandes. The holotype is in MNHN, and additional paratypes are in BMNH, IIT, MNHN, NM, UAN, and the collection of F. Fernandes (Gofas and Fernandes, 1994: 110).

Marshallora bubistae Fernandes and Rolán, 1988: 25–26, pl. 1, fig. 4e; pl. 2, fig. 4

  1. Paratypes: AMNH 241652 (3 specimens).

  2. Locality: 1 m, Bahia das Gatas, Boavista Island, Cape Verde Islands, Portugal, Atlantic Ocean.

  3. Collector: F. Fernandes, May 1987.

  4. Remarks: ex Rolán Collection. The holotype is MNCN 11–41–1014, and additional paratypes are in BMNH, CZL, MNHN, and the collections of F. Fernandes and E. Rolán (Fernandes and Rolán, 1988: 25).

Marshallora gutta Fernandes and Rolán, 1988: 27–28, pl. 1, fig. 6e; pl. 2, fig. 6

  1. Paratypes: AMNH 241654 (2 specimens).

  2. Locality: 1 m, Rife do Chaves, Boavista Island, Cape Verde Islands, Portugal, Atlantic Ocean.

  3. Collector: F. Fernandes, May 1987.

  4. Remarks: ex Rolán Collection. The holotype is MNCN 11–41–1016, and additional paratypes are in BMNH, CZL, MNHN, and the collections of F. Fernandes and E. Rolán (Fernandes and Rolán, 1988: 27).

Marshallora mariangelae Fernandes and Rolán, 1988: 26–27, pl. 1, fig. 5e; pl. 2, fig. 5

  1. Paratypes: AMNH 241653 (3 specimens).

  2. Locality: 1 m, Bahia de Sal-Rei, Boavista Island, Cape Verde Islands, Portugal, Atlantic Ocean.

  3. Collector: F. Fernandes, May 1987.

  4. Remarks: ex Rolán Collection. The holotype is MNCN 11–41–1015, and additional paratypes are in BMNH, CZL, MNHN, and the collections of F. Fernandes and E. Rolán (Fernandes and Rolán, 1988: 26).

Marshallora nichupte Rolán and Crúz-Ábrego, 1995: 88–91: figs. 1–13

  1. Paratypes: AMNH 226538 (2 specimens).

  2. Locality: 2 m, Nichupté Lagoon, Cancun, Quintana Roo, Mexico, Atlantic Ocean.

  3. Collector: Unknown.

  4. Remarks: ex Rolán Collection. The holotype is MNCN 15.05/18726, and additional paratypes are in BMNH, IES, MCZ, MNHN, UNAM, USNM, ZMA, and the collection of E. Rolán (Rolán and Crúz-Ábrego, 1995: 88).

Mauritia (Arabica) arabica brunnescens C. Cate, 1964: 24–26, pl. 5, figs. 3a–b

  1. Paratypes: AMNH 196001 (4 specimens), 203880a (1 specimen), 203880b (1 specimen), 203881a (1 specimen), 203881b (1 specimen), 203882a (1 specimen), 203882b (1 specimen), 203883a (1 specimen), 203883b (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: Roebuck Bay, Broome, Western Australia, Australia, Pacific Ocean.

  3. Collector: T. Crake, Oct. 1962 and Sept. 27, 1963 (AMNH 196001), Sept. 22, 1963 (AMNH 203880a–203882b).

  4. Remarks: ex Cate Collection. AMNH 196001 contains C. Cate's paratypes #4 (Cate #2268), #6 (Cate #2670), #13 (Cate #2677), and #15 (Cate #2679). AMNH 203880a–203882b contain C. Cate's paratypes #2 (Cate #2667), #7 (Cate #2671), #8 (Cate #2672), #9 (Cate #2673), #10 (Cate #2674), #11 (Cate #2675), #14 (Cate #2678), and #16 (Cate #2680), respectively. The holotype is WAM 32–64 (C. Cate, 1964: 25); paratypes #5 (Cate #2669) and #12 (Cate #2676) were sent to F. A. Schilder in 1964 and their current repository is unknown. The current repository of the remaining paratypes (#1, 3; Cate #2666) is unknown. This taxon is a synonym of M. arabica (Linnaeus, 1758) (Lorenz and Hubert, 1993: 58).

Melanella bibsae Usticke, 1959: 87, pl. 4, fig. 17

  1. Lectotype: AMNH 192773a.

  2. Paralectotypes: AMNH 192772a (1 specimen), 294361 (1 specimen).

  3. Locality: Judith's Fancy, Sugar Bay (AMNH 192773a), Cane Bay (AMNH 192772a, 294361), St. Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands, Atlantic Ocean.

  4. Collector: Unknown.

  5. Remarks: ex Usticke Collection (AMNH 192773a–192773b) and Schwartz Collection (AMNH 294361). Usticke (1959: pl. 4, fig. 17) figured two specimens, which contradicts his statement (p. vi) that only the “holotypes…are pictured.” We herein designate the larger of the illustrated specimens (AMNH 192773a) as lectotype to fix the identity of this poorly defined taxon. The repository of additional paralectotypes (if any) is unknown.

Melania “(—?)” horei Smith, 1880a: 427

  1. Syntypes: AMNH 56096 (2 specimens).

  2. Locality: Lake Tanganyika, Kenya.

  3. Collector: E. Hore.

  4. Remarks: ex Unknown Collection #11958. This taxon was figured by Smith (1881: pl. 34, fig. 27) and is the type of the genus Reymondia Bourguignat, 1885, by subsequent designation of Pilsbry and Bequaert, 1927 (Pilsbry and Bequaert, 1927: 312).

Melania laeta Jay, 1839: 122, pl. 7, fig. 11

  1. Syntypes: AMNH 56113 (1 specimen), AMNH 56113a (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: “Rivers in Alabama,” [United States] (Jay, 1839: 122).

  3. Collector: Unknown.

  4. Remarks: ex Jay Collection #6450 (Jay, 1850). AMNH 56113 is labeled “type” in Jay's handwriting and is Jay's (1839) figured specimen (fig. 15 herein). AMNH 56113a is also labeled “type” (although the last two letters have been lost with a portion of the lip) and is a syntype. A second specimen in AMNH 56113a (now removed as 56113b) is not a syntype, because it is labeled with the Jay catalog #4651 for “Melania laeta var.” (Jay, 1850: 274). The whereabouts of additional syntypes (if any) are unknown. This species is placed in the genus Elimia H. and A. Adams, 1854 (Burch, 1989: 142), and may possibly be extinct (Turgeon et al., 1998: 317).

Melania (Melanella) nassa Woodward, 1859: 349, pl. 47, fig. 4

  1. Syntypes: AMNH 56117 (2 specimens).

  2. Locality: Lake Tanganyika, Kenya.

  3. Collector: Capt. R. Speke.

  4. Remarks: ex Unknown Collection #11963. This taxon is placed in the genus Lavigeria Bourguignat, 1888 (Brown, 1980: 114).

Melania neglecta Anthony, 1854: 128, pl. 3, fig. 29

  1. Paralectotypes: AMNH 150167 (8 specimens).

  2. Locality: Great Miami River near Dayton, Montgomery Co., Ohio, United States.

  3. Collector: A. Anthony.

  4. Remarks: ex MCZ via Jacobson Collection. The lectotype (MCZ 161784) was selected by Turner (1946: 103, as “holotype”). Additional paralectotypes are in MCZ.

Melania nodicincta Dohrn, 1865: 234

  1. Syntype: AMNH 56112 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: South end of Lake Nyassa, Malawi.

  3. Collector: Unknown.

  4. Remarks: ex Unknown Collection #19133. This taxon is placed in the genus Melanoides Olivier, 1804 (Brown, 1980: 86, figs. 48a–c).

Melanoides kisangani Pilsbry and Bequaert, 1927: 263, pl. 21, figs. 19–22

  1. Holotype: AMNH 72058 (lost).

  2. Paratypes: AMNH 72059 (1 specimen; lost), 72174 (111 specimens).

  3. Locality: 00°55′N, 25°05′E to 00°50′N, 28°00′E, Tshopo River, Stanleyville (= Kisangani), Belgian Congo (= Zaire = Democratic Republic of the Congo), Africa.

  4. Collector: H. Lang, 1909–1915.

  5. Remarks: Additional paratypes are MCZ 83469 (303 specimens ex AMNH 72174). AMNH 72058 and 72059 were recorded as lost in July 1945.

Melanoides kisangani congo Pilsbry and Bequaert, 1927: 263–264, pl. 21, figs. 23–24

  1. Holotype: AMNH 72062.

  2. Paratype: AMNH 72062a (1 specimen).

  3. Locality: 00°30′N, 25°15′E, near falls of Congo River, Stanleyville (= Kisangani), Belgian Congo (= Zaire = Democratic Republic of the Congo), Africa.

  4. Collector: H. Lang, 1909–1915.

  5. Remarks: Additional paratypes are MCZ 40924 (15 specimens).

Melanoides langi Pilsbry and Bequaert, 1927: 259–260, pl. 22, figs. 1–2

  1. Holotype: AMNH 72057.

  2. Paratypes: AMNH 72175 (90 specimens).

  3. Locality: 00°55′N, 25°05′E to 00°50′N, 28°00′E, Tshopo River, Stanleyville (= Kisangani), Belgian Congo (= Zaire = Democratic Republic of the Congo), Africa.

  4. Collector: H. Lang and J. Chapin, 1909–1915.

  5. Remarks: Additional paratypes are MCZ 40922 (206 specimens ex AMNH 72175).

Melanoides langi zambiensis Pilsbry and Bequaert, 1927: 260, pl. 22, fig. 3

  1. Holotype: AMNH 72056 (lost).

  2. Paratypes: AMNH 72055 (90 specimens).

  3. Locality: 06°00′S, 12°45′E, “about midway between Malela and Zambi,” Belgian Congo (= Zaire = Democratic Republic of the Congo), Africa.

  4. Collector: H. Lang, 1909–1915.

  5. Remarks: Additional paratypes are MCZ 40917 (68 specimens ex AMNH 72055). AMNH 72056 was recorded as lost in July 1945. This taxon is a form of M. langi Pilsbry and Bequaert, 1927 (Brown, 1980: 90).

Melanoides nsendweensis megalobasis Pilsbry and Bequaert, 1927: 261, pl. 22, figs. 6, 12

  1. Holotype: AMNH 72060.

  2. Paratype: AMNH 72060a (1 specimen).

  3. Locality: 00°55′N, 25°05′E to 00°50′N, 28°00′E, Tshopo River, Stanleyville (= Kisangani), Belgian Congo (= Zaire = Democratic Republic of the Congo), Africa.

  4. Collector: H. Lang, 1909–1915.

  5. Remarks: Additional paratypes are MCZ 40925 (2 specimens).

Melanoides wagenia Pilsbry and Bequaert, 1927: 262, pl. 22, fig. 14

  1. Holotype: AMNH 72061.

  2. Paratypes: AMNH 72172 (155 specimens), 162399 (717 specimens).

  3. Locality: 00°30′N, 25°15′E, brook near the falls of the Congo River, Stanleyville (= Kisangani), Belgian Congo (= Zaire = Democratic Republic of the Congo), Africa.

  4. Collector: H. Lang, 1909–1915.

  5. Remarks: Additional paratypes are MCZ 40921 (871 specimens ex AMNH 72172). Pilsbry and Bequaert (1927) originally cited “several hundred” specimens in this species; the repository of additional paratypes (if any) is unknown.

Melanoides wagenia tshopoicola Pilsbry and Bequaert, 1927: 262–263, pl. 22, figs. 15–16

  1. Paratypes: AMNH 72098 (1 specimen), 72176 (24 specimens; lost).

  2. Locality: 00°55′N, 25°05′E to 00°50′N, 28°00′E, Tshopo River, Stanleyville (= Kisangani), Belgian Congo (= Zaire = Democratic Republic of the Congo), Africa.

  3. Collector: H. Lang, 1909–1915.

  4. Remarks: Additional paratypes are MCZ 40923 (6 specimens ex AMNH 72176). AMNH 72176 was recorded as lost in 1994.

Melongena corona johnstonei Clench and Turner, 1956: 178–180, pls. 96, 105

  1. Paratypes: AMNH 92291 (2 specimens), 175407 (2 specimens), 177111 (3 specimens), 209507 (10 specimens), 209508 (12 specimens), 209513 (1 specimen), 210335 (13 specimens), 210336 (3 specimens), 213476 (2 specimens).

  2. Locality: Little Lagoon, Gulf Shores, Alabama, United States, Atlantic Ocean.

  3. Collector: H. and K. Johnstone, June 27, 1950 (AMNH 210335), Aug. 27, 1952 (AMNH 209507), June 6, 1953 (AMNH 210336), Aug. 28, 1954 (AMNH 92991, 175407, 177111, 209508), unknown date (AMNH 213476); Westons, June 1, 1952 (AMNH 209513).

  4. Remarks: ex Johnstone Collection (AMNH 92991, 177111, 209507, 209508, 209513, 210335, 210336), MCZ (AMNH 175407), and Hicks Collection (AMNH 213476). The holotype is MCZ 189697, and additional paratypes are in ANSP, MCZ, USNM, FSM, the Alabama Museum, and the collections of H. and K. Johnstone, D. and N. Schmidt, and D. Thaanum (Clench and Turner, 1956: 179).

Melongena sprucecreekensis Tucker, 1994: 197, figs. 6a–c

  1. Paratypes: AMNH 206086 (10 specimens).

  2. Locality: 4.5 mi north of New Smyrna Beach, Volusia Co., Florida, United States, Atlantic Ocean.

  3. Collector: J. Tucker and N. Miller, June 18, 1983.

  4. Remarks: The holotype is UF 40336, and additional paratypes are DMNH 155535, LACM 2033, SDNHM TS 81658, UF 40337, and USNM 792416 (Tucker, 1994: 198).

Mericella bozzettii Petit and Harasewych, 1993: 221–223, figs. 1–3

  1. Paratype: AMNH 226453 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: 200–250 m, off Cape Ras Hafun, approximately 150 km south of Cape Guardafini, Somalia, Indian Ocean.

  3. Collector: Unknown.

  4. Remarks: The holotype is USNM 860315, and additional paratypes are in MNHN and the collections of L. Bozzetti and D. Petit (Petit and Harasewych, 1993: 223).

Metaxia espinosai Rolán and Fernández-Garcés, 1992: 174–175, figs. 4–6, 10

  1. Paratype: AMNH 226443 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: 50 m, Faro de los Colorados, Bahia de Cienfuegos, Cuba, Atlantic Ocean.

  3. Collector: Unknown.

  4. Remarks: ex Rolán Collection. The holotype is in EES, and additional paratypes are in BMNH, MCNN, MNHN, ZMA, and the collections of R. Fernández-Garcés and E. Rolán (Rolán and Fernández-Garcés, 1992: 175).

Metaxia incerta Fernandes and Rolán, 1988: 21–22, pl. 1, fig. 10e; pl. 3, figs. 11, 14

  1. Paratypes: AMNH 241650 (2 specimens).

  2. Locality: 1 m, Praia do Cascalho, Sal Island, Cape Verde Islands, Portugal, Atlantic Ocean.

  3. Collector: F. Fernandes, May 1986.

  4. Remarks: ex Rolán Collection. The holotype is MNCN 11–41–1017, and additional paratypes are in BMNH, MNHN, and the collections of F. Fernandes and E. Rolán (Fernandes and Rolán, 1988: 21).

Metula africana Bouchet, 1988: 151, figs. 1, 6–8, 10

  1. Paratype: AMNH 198755 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: 300–600 m, off Saint Louis, Senegal, Atlantic Ocean.

  3. Collector: M. Pin on “Louis Sauger.”

  4. Remarks: The holotype and additional paratype are in MNHN (Bouchet, 1988: 151).

Mirachelus galapagensis McLean, 1970b: 118, figs. 9, 11

  1. Paratype: AMNH 160264 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: 40–55 fathoms, 00°16′S, 91°22′W, 75–100 miles off Canal Bolivar, Tagus Cove, Isabela Island, Galápagos Islands, Ecuador, Pacific Ocean.

  3. Collector: A. and J. DeRoy, Jan. 23, 1968.

  4. Remarks: The holotype is LACM 1377, and additional paratypes are ANSP 319140, LACM 1378, and in CASIZ, MCZ, SBMNH, SDNHM, SU, and USNM (McLean, 1970b: 118; Finet, 1994: 15).

Miralda soteloi Rolán, 1994: 6, fig. 1

  1. Paratypes: AMNH 275389 (2 specimens).

  2. Locality: 20–40 m, Miemia, Ghana, Atlantic Ocean.

  3. Collector: Ghana-93 Expedition, March 1993.

  4. Remarks: ex Rolán Collection. The holotype is in MNCNM, and additional paratypes are in BMNH, MNHN, and the collections of F. Fernandes, E. Rolán, and R. Ryall (Rolán, 1994: 6).

Miralda superba Rolán and Fernandes, 1993: 9–10, figs. 6–7

  1. Paratype: AMNH 267512 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: Luanda, Angola, Atlantic Ocean.

  3. Collector: E. Rolán.

  4. Remarks: ex Rolán Collection. The holotype is in MNCN, and additional paratypes are in BMNH, MNHN, ZMA, and the collections of F. Fernandes and E. Rolán (Rolán and Fernandes, 1993: 9).

Miralda temperata Rolán and Fernandes, 1993: 7–8, figs. 4–5

  1. Paratype: AMNH 267511 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: São Tomé, São Tomé and Principe, Atlantic Ocean.

  3. Collector: E. Rolán.

  4. Remarks: ex Rolán Collection. The holotype is in MNCN, and additional paratypes are in BMNH, MNHN, ZMA, and the collections of F. Fernandes and E. Rolán (Rolán and Fernandes, 1993: 8).

Mitra bibsae Usticke, 1969: 20, pl. 4, fig. 920

  1. Holotype: AMNH 195440.

  2. Locality: Barcadera, Aruba, Atlantic Ocean.

  3. Collector: B. N. Usticke.

  4. Remarks: ex Usticke Collection #920. AMNH 195440 is the holotype by monotypy. This taxon is a synonym of Pusia catenata (Broderip, 1836) (Faber, 1995: 61).

Mitra cruzana Usticke, 1959: 75–76, pl. 4, fig. 7

  1. Holotype: AMNH 195437.

  2. Locality: Ham Bay, St. Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands, Atlantic Ocean.

  3. Collector: Unknown.

  4. Remarks: ex Usticke Collection #898. AMNH 195437 is the holotype by monotypy. This taxon is a possible synonym of Vexillum (Pusia) histrio (Reeve, 1844) (Faber, 1988: 77).

Mitra emersoni Pilsbry, 1921: 316, pl. 12, fig. 19

  1. Paratype: AMNH 203842a (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: 350–500 ft, off Waikiki, Oahu, Hawaii, United States, Pacific Ocean.

  3. Collector: D. Langford, 1916.

  4. Remarks: ex Thaanum Collection (#8328) via C. and J. Cate Collection. The holotype is ANSP 46804 (Pilsbry, 1921: 327). This taxon is a synonym of Neocancilla clathrus (Gmelin, 1791) (Kay, 1979: 311).

Mitra hanleyi “form” antiguensis Usticke, 1969: 20

  1. Holotype: AMNH 195438.

  2. Locality: Antigua, Antigua and Barbuda, Atlantic Ocean.

  3. Collector: Unknown.

  4. Remarks: ex Usticke Collection #911. Although Usticke (1969: 20) cited this taxon as a “form,” he listed it as a “n[ew] s[ub] sp[ecies]” (p. 20), treated it subspecifically in the index, and called it “Mitra antiguensis” in the figure caption. We consider this taxon to have been subspecifically described. AMNH 195438 is the holotype by monotypy. This taxon is a synonym of Vexillum (Pusia) exiguum (C. B. Adams, 1845) (Faber, 1988: 71).

Mitra hayesae Usticke, 1959: 75, 77, pl. 4, fig. 8

  1. Holotype: AMNH 194556.

  2. Locality: Ham Bay, St. Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands, Atlantic Ocean.

  3. Collector: Unknown.

  4. Remarks: ex Usticke Collection. AMNH 194556 is the holotype by monotypy. This taxon is a possible synonym of Vexillum (Pusia) histrio (Reeve, 1844) (Faber, 1988: 80).

Mitra langfordiana J. Cate, 1962: 81–82, pl. 10; pl. 11, figs. 1, 3–4

  1. Paratypes: AMNH 203833a (1 specimen), 203833b (1 specimen), 203833c (1 specimen), 203834 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: 50 ft, Pokai Bay (AMNH 203833a–c); 100 ft, Waianae (AMNH 203834), Oahu, Hawaii, United States, Pacific Ocean.

  3. Collector: B. Harrison, May 1961 (AMNH 203833a–c); “Pele I” Expedition, April 17, 1959 (AMNH 203834).

  4. Remarks: ex Cate Collection #595 (AMNH 203834) and unnumbered (AMNH 208833a–c). AMNH 203833a–c and 203834 are J. Cate's (1962: 81) paratypes #14–17. The holotype is BPBM 215317, and additional paratypes are CAS 12407 and in the collection of A. Harrison (J. Cate, 1962: 81). This taxon is a subspecies of Neocancilla papilio (Link, 1807) (Kay, 1979: 311).

Mitra minutus Usticke, 1969: 20, pl. 4, fig. 912

  1. Lectotype: AMNH 195439.

  2. Locality: Conch Bay, Beef Island, British Virgin Islands, Atlantic Ocean.

  3. Collector: Unknown.

  4. Remarks: ex Usticke Collection #912. Usticke (1971: 16) stated that this specimen was the holotype. Because Usticke (1969: 20) did not designate a holotype, Usticke's (1971) action constituted a lectotype designation. The repository of the paralectotypes is unknown; their existence is indicated by Usticke's (1969: 20) given size range for the taxon of 3.5–4.5 mm length. The specific name was later emended by Usticke (1971: 16) to M. minuta, a homonym of M. minuta Gmelin, 1791 (Faber, 1988: 85). This taxon is a synonym of Vexillum (Pusia) exiguum (C. B. Adams, 1845) (Faber, 1988: 85).

Mitra moisei McGinty, 1955: 77–78, pl. 1, figs. 4, 4a

  1. Paratype: AMNH 156372 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: Sta. 820, 25 fathoms, off Palm Beach, Palm Beach Co., Florida, United States, Atlantic Ocean.

  3. Collector: T. McGinty on “Triton,” March 12, 1952.

  4. Remarks: ex McGinty Collection. The holotype is ANSP 194061, and additional paratypes are in the collection of T. McGinty (McGinty, 1955: 78). This taxon is a synonym of Vexillum (Pusia) exiguum (C. B. Adams, 1845) (Cernohorsky, 1970: 56).

Mitra (Costellaria?) nitidissima Melvill and Standen, 1895: 102, pl. 3, fig. 19

  1. Syntypes: AMNH 35818 (4 specimens).

  2. Locality: Lifu, Loyalty Islands, Pacific Ocean.

  3. Collector: Rev. J. Hadfield “and wife,” 1891–1893.

  4. Remarks: ex M. Smith Collection. AMNH 35818 represents the entire type series of 4 specimens (Melvill and Standen, 1895: 102). This taxon is placed in the genus Vexillum Röding, 1798, and subgenus Costellaria Swainson, 1840 (Cernohorsky, 1970: 55).

Mitra nodulosa pallida Usticke, 1959: 75–76, pl. 4, fig. 6

  1. Holotype: AMNH 195436.

  2. Paratype: AMNH 294363 (1 specimen).

  3. Locality: Ham Bay, St. Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands, Atlantic Ocean.

  4. Collector: Unknown.

  5. Remarks: ex Usticke Collection #891 (AMNH 195436) and Schwartz Collection (AMNH 294363). The repository of additional paratypes is unknown; their existence is indicated by Usticke's (1959: 75) given size range for the taxon of 25–36 mm length. M. nodulosa pallida is preoccupied by M. pallida A. Adams, 1851, but is a synonym of M. nodulosa Gmelin, 1791 (Faber, 1988: 87).

Mitra semiusta Berry, 1957: 80–81

  1. Paratypes: AMNH 241244 (3 specimens).

  2. Locality: 15 m, off Point Conception, Santa Barbara Co., California, United States, Pacific Ocean.

  3. Collector: T. Bowdon, June 1953.

  4. Remarks: ex Shasky Collection. The holotype was SU 8513 (now CASIZ 043929), and additional paratypes are SBMNH 34579–34581 and SDNHM 9088 (Hertz, 1999: 13, fig. 19). AMNH 241244 was donated to AMNH subsequent to publication of Hertz (1984), but was not cited by Hertz (1999). This taxon is a synonym of M. idae Melvill, 1893 (Hertz, 1984: 13).

Mitra thaanumiana Pilsbry, 1921: 313, pl. 12, fig. 21

  1. Paratypes: AMNH 196010 (2 specimens).

  2. Locality: Hilo, Hawaii, United States, Pacific Ocean.

  3. Collector: D. Thaanum.

  4. Remarks: ex Thaanum Collection #1519. The holotype is ANSP 46810 (Pilsbry, 1921: 327). This taxon is a synonym of M. (M.) coffea Schubert and Wagner, 1829 (Kay, 1979: 291).

Mitra waikikiensis Pilsbry, 1921: 316, pl. 12, fig. 17

  1. Paratype: AMNH 203842 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: 35–50 fathoms, off Waikiki, Oahu, Hawaii, United States, Pacific Ocean.

  3. Collector: D. Langford, 1916.

  4. Remarks: ex Thaanum Collection #8328. The holotype is ANSP 46788 (Pilsbry, 1921: 327). This taxon is placed in the genus Neocancilla Cernohorsky, 1966 (Kay, 1979: 311).

Mitrella lalage Pilsbry and Lowe, 1932: 70, pl. 5, figs. 8–9

  1. Paratypes: AMNH 241595 (3 specimens).

  2. Locality: Mazatlan, Sinaloa, Mexico, Pacific Ocean.

  3. Collector: H. Lowe.

  4. Remarks: ex Lowe Collection via S. S. Berry via S. and S. Long Collection. The holotype is ANSP 152111 (Pilsbry and Lowe, 1932: 70).

Mitrella loisae Pitt and Kohl, 1979: 467–468, figs. 2a–b, 3a–b

  1. Paratypes: AMNH 187123 (6 specimens), 221876 (2 specimens), 221980 (6 specimens), 221981 (2 specimens), 269699 (2 specimens).

  2. Locality: 9°54′N, 84°44′W, north side of Punta Coralillo, Bahia de Caldera, Puntarenas Province, Costa Rica, Pacific Ocean.

  3. Collector: W. and L. Pitt, Jan. 29, 1975.

  4. Remarks: ex DuShane Collection (AMNH 187123, 221980, 221981), Pitt Collection via Vaught Collection (AMNH 221876), and S. and S. Long Collection (AMNH 269699). The holotype is CAS 60193, and additional paratypes are in ANSP, BMNH, FMNH, HSU, LACM, MCZ, SDMNH, TU, UCR, USNM, and the collections of H. DuShane, W. Pitt, and C. Skoglund (Pitt and Kohl, 1979: 468).

Mitrolumna keenae Emerson and Radwin, 1969: 153–154, pl. 29, figs. 2–3, text figs. 4–5

  1. Holotype: AMNH 152601.

  2. Paratype: AMNH 152602 (1 specimen).

  3. Locality: 75–100 m, near Tagus Cove, Isabella Island, Galápagos Islands, Ecuador, Pacific Ocean.

  4. Collector: J. and A. DeRoy, Jan. 25, 1968.

  5. Remarks: Additional paratypes are SDNHM 50769 and in the collections of A. D'Attilio and J. DeRoy (Emerson and Radwin, 1969). The species was figured by Emerson and Radwin (1969: figs. 2–3, not figs. 5–6 as stated on p. 154). This taxon is placed in the genus Mitromorpha Carpenter, 1865 (Finet, 1994: 84).

Mitropifex iredalei Powell, 1958: 81–82, pl. 9, fig. 3

  1. Paratypes: AMNH 105517 (2 specimens).

  2. Locality: Sta. 675, 58–64 m, off Raoul Island, Kermadec Islands, New Zealand, Pacific Ocean.

  3. Collector: R/V “Galathea,” March 3, 1952.

  4. Remarks: ex Powell Collection. The holotype is in ZMC (Powell, 1958: 66).

Monilea (Minolia) singaporensis Pilsbry, 1889: 270, pl. 40, fig. 27

  1. Syntypes: AMNH 3018 (9 specimens).

  2. Locality: Singapore, Pacific Ocean.

  3. Collector: Dr. Archer.

  4. Remarks: ex Tomlin Collection.

Monilispira circumcincta Usticke, 1969: 27, pl. 5, fig. 1092

  1. Lectotype: AMNH 195456.

  2. Locality: Round Reef, Christiansted, St. Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands, Atlantic Ocean.

  3. Collector: Unknown.

  4. Remarks: ex Usticke Collection #1092. Usticke (1971: 22) changed his catalog number for this taxon from #1029 to #1099 without explanation. Usticke (1971: 22) stated that this specimen was the holotype. Because Usticke (1969: 27) did not designate a holotype, Usticke's (1971) action constituted a lectotype designation. The repository of the paralectotypes is unknown; their existence is indicated by Usticke's (1969: 27) given size range for the taxon of 6–10 mm length. This taxon may be a synonym of Buchema interstrigata (E. A. Smith, 1882) (Faber, 1988: 75).

Monophorus ateralbus Rolán and Fernández-Garcés, 1994: 18–19, figs. 4–5, 7, 9, 30

  1. Paratype: AMNH 226469 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: 4 m, Hotel Comodoro Beach, La Habana, Cuba, Atlantic Ocean.

  3. Collector: Unknown.

  4. Remarks: ex Rolán Collection. The holotype is MNCN 15.05/11143, and additional paratypes are BMNH 1993061 and in IES, MNHN, ZMA, and the collections of R. Fernández-Garcés and E. Rolán (Rolán and Fernández-Garcés, 1994: 18).

Monophorus verdensis Fernandes and Rolán, 1988: 24–25, pl. 1, fig. 3e; pl. 2, fig. 3

  1. Paratype: AMNH 241651 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: 1 m, Rife de Chaves, Boavista Island, Cape Verde Islands, Portugal, Atlantic Ocean.

  3. Collector: F. Fernandes, May 1987.

  4. Remarks: ex Rolán Collection. The holotype is MNCN 11–41–1013, and additional paratypes are in BMNH, CZL, MNHN, and the collections of F. Fernandes and E. Rolán (Fernandes and Rolán, 1988: 24).

Monostiolum rosewateri Watters and Finlay, 1989: 53, fig. 4

  1. Paratypes: AMNH 112353 (2 specimens).

  2. Locality: West side of Barbados, Atlantic Ocean.

  3. Collector: R. Martin, Jan. 18–19, 1964.

  4. Remarks: The holotype is USNM 87098, and additional paratypes are RM 16301 (Watters and Finlay, 1989: 53).

Morum (Oniscidia) joelgreenei Emerson, 1981: 102–103, figs. 1–3

  1. Holotype: AMNH 203719.

  2. Paratype: AMNH 201362 (1 specimen).

  3. Locality: 200 m, Davao, Mindanao, Philippines, Pacific Ocean.

  4. Collector: Filipino shell fishermen, 1980.

  5. Remarks: The additional paratype is in the collection of W. Bledsoe (Emerson, 1981: 103).

Morum (Oniscidia) macdonaldi Emerson, 1981: 103–104, figs. 4–6

  1. Holotype: AMNH 203713.

  2. Paratypes: AMNH 203714 (1 specimen), 203715 (1 specimen), 203716 (1 specimen).

  3. Locality: 15 m, west reef of Kwajalein Atoll, between Kwajalein and Ninni Islands, Marshall Islands, Pacific Ocean.

  4. Collector: D. MacDonald.

  5. Remarks: Additional paratypes are in the collection of D. MacDonald (Emerson, 1981: 104).

Morum (Cancellomorum) matthewsi Emerson, 1967: 290, pl. 39, figs. 2–4, text fig. 1

  1. Holotype: AMNH 129201.

  2. Paratypes: AMNH 129202 (4 specimens).

  3. Locality: 15 fathoms, from the digestive tracts of toadfish (Amphichthys cryptocentrus Valenciennes in Cuvier and Valenciennes, 1837), off Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil, Atlantic Ocean.

  4. Collector: H. Matthews, July 1965 (AMNH 129201) and March 1966 (AMNH 129202).

  5. Remarks: Additional paratypes are in BMNH and MCZ (Emerson, 1967: 290). The subgenus Cancellomorum Emerson and Old, 1963, is a synonym of Oniscidia Mörch, 1852 (Hughes and Emerson, 1987: 357).

Morum (Oniscidia) ninomiyai Emerson, 1986: 96–97, figs. 1–5

  1. Holotype: AMNH 221241.

  2. Locality: 50–150 m, 08°N, 98.22°E, off Phuket Island, Thailand, Pacific Ocean.

  3. Collector: Unknown, April 28, 1980.

  4. Remarks: ex Ninomiya Collection. The paratype is in the collection of T. Ninomiya (Emerson, 1986: 97).

Morum (Cancellomorum) veleroae Emerson, 1968: 53–54, pl. 1, figs. 1–7

  1. Paratype: AMNH 138280 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: Sta. 773–38, 47 fathoms, 05°34′N, 86°59′20″W, off Nuez Island, Cocos Islands, Costa Rica, Pacific Ocean.

  3. Collector: R/V “Velero III” (Allan Hancock Pacific Expedition), Jan. 13, 1938.

  4. Remarks: The holotype is LACM 1170, and additional paratypes are LACM 1171 and 1172 (Emerson, 1968: 54). The subgenus Cancellomorum Emerson and Old, 1963, is a synonym of Oniscidia Mörch, 1852 (Hughes and Emerson, 1987: 357).

Morum vicdani Emerson, 1995: 95–96, figs. 1–6

  1. Holotype: AMNH 226517.

  2. Paratypes: AMNH 226518 (1 specimen), 226519 (1 specimen).

  3. Locality: Ca. 200 m (AMNH 226517), off Saya de Malha Bank, Indian Ocean.

  4. Collector: Unknown, 1986 (AMNH 226517); “former Soviet research vessel,” date unknown (AMNH 226518, 226519).

Murex (Homalocantha) anatomica zamboi Burch and Burch, 1960: 1, 7, unnumbered fig. on p. 1

  1. Paratype: AMNH 111892 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: 10–11 fathoms, Baring Point, Olango Island, Cebu, Philippines, Pacific Ocean.

  3. Collector: E. Zambo, Jan. 1959.

  4. Remarks: ex Burch Collection. The holotype is in NMP, and additional paratypes are in BPBM, “the Children's Museum,” and the collection of J. and R. Burch (Burch and Burch, 1960: 7). This taxon is now considered a full species in the genus Homalocantha Mörch, 1852 (Radwin and D'Attilio, 1976: 55).

Murex centrifuga Hinds, 1844: 126–127

  1. Lectotype: AMNH 79903.

  2. Locality: 52 fathoms, west coast of Veragua, Panama, Pacific Ocean.

  3. Collector: H.M.S. “Sulphur,” 1836–1842.

  4. Remarks: ex Calvert Collection via D'Attilio Collection. This specimen was figured and designated as lectotype by Emerson (1960: fig. 2). This taxon is placed in the genus Pteropurpura Jousseaume, 1880, and the subgenus Centrifuga Grant and Gale, 1931 (Keen, 1971: 534).

Murex (Murex) donmoorei Bullis, 1964: 101, figs. 1–2

  1. Paratype: AMNH 111201 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: Sta. 2309, 34 fathoms, 05°54′N, 52°17′W, off French Guiana, Atlantic Ocean.

  3. Collector: R/V “Oregon,” Nov. 9, 1958.

  4. Remarks: The holotype is in USNM, and additional paratypes are in ANSP, FMNH, MCZ, TU, UMML, and USNM (Bullis, 1964: 99). This taxon is placed in the genus Haustellum Schumacher, 1817 (Vokes, 1990: 18).

Murex (Murex) finlayi Clench, 1955: 1–2, figs. 1–3

  1. Paratype: AMNH 190776 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: 100 fathoms, Matanzas Bay, Cuba, Atlantic Ocean.

  3. Collector: C. Finlay, 1954–1955.

  4. Remarks: ex C. Finlay via G. Nowell-Usticke Collection. The holotype is MCZ 189939, and additional paratypes are in MCZ and the collections of C. Finlay and E. Monroe (Clench, 1955: 2). This taxon is a synonym of Chicoreus (Siratus) articulatus (Reeve, 1845) (Vokes, 1990: 51).

“Murex” galapaganus Emerson and D'Attilio, 1970a: 271–272, pl. 39, figs. 3–6, text figs. 3–4

  1. Holotype: AMNH 155906.

  2. Paratype: AMNH 155907 (1 immature specimen).

  3. Locality: 150 m, South Academy Bay, Santa Cruz Island (AMNH 155906); 200 m, North Santa Cruz Island (AMNH 155907), Galápagos Islands, Ecuador, Pacific Ocean.

  4. Collector: J. DeRoy, June 11, 1968 (AMNH 155906) and Dec. 9, 1968 (AMNH 155907).

  5. Remarks: Additional paratypes are AHF 816–38 (= LACM 1233) and in the collections of A. D'Attilio and J. DeRoy (Emerson and D'Attilio, 1970a: 272; Finet, 1994: 48). This taxon is placed in the genus Poirieria Jousseaume, 1880 (Finet, 1994: 48).

Murex messorius “var.” gustaviensis Usticke, 1969: 15, pl. 3, fig. 649

  1. Lectotype: AMNH 186116.

  2. Locality: 20–25 ft, Gustavia Harbor, St. Barts, Atlantic Ocean.

  3. Collector: Unknown.

  4. Remarks: ex Usticke Collection #649. Although Usticke (1969: 15) cited this taxon as a “var.,” he listed it as a “n[ew] sp[ecies]” (1969: 15), treated it subspecifically in the index, and called it “Murex gustaviensis” in the figure caption. We consider this taxon to have been subspecifically described. We herein select the specimen figured by Usticke (1969, pl. 3, fig. 649) as lectotype to fix the identity of this poorly defined taxon. The repository of the paralectotypes is unknown; their existence is indicated by Usticke's (1969: 15) given size range for the taxon of 35–55 mm length. This taxon is a synonym of Haustellum messorius (Sowerby, 1844) (Vokes, 1990: 10).

Murex (Poirieria) oregonia Bullis, 1964: 106, figs. 5–6

  1. Paratypes: AMNH 111202 (2 specimens).

  2. Locality: Sta. 2286, 120 fathoms, 07°26′N, 54°49′W, off Surinam, Atlantic Ocean.

  3. Collector: H. Bullis on R/V “Oregon,” Sept. 8, 1958.

  4. Remarks: The holotype is USNM 635149, and additional paratypes are in ANSP, FMNH, MCZ, TM, and UMML (Bullis, 1964: 99). This taxon is placed in the genus Poirieria Jousseaume, 1880, and the subgenus Paziella Jousseaume, 1880 (Vokes, 1992: 34).

Murex pulcher consuela A. H. Verrill, 1950: 7, unnumbered fig. on p. 6

  1. Paratype: AMNH 203861 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: 40–50 fathoms, off Soufriere, Dominican Republic, Atlantic Ocean.

  3. Collector: Unknown.

  4. Remarks: ex SDNHM via Cate Collection. The holotype is in the collection of A. H. Verrill (Verrill, 1950: 7). The repository of the additional 48 paratypes is unknown. This taxon is considered a full species in the genus Chicoreus Montfort, 1810, and subgenus Siratus Jousseaume, 1880 (Vokes, 1990: 46).

Murex spectrum “var.” incertum Usticke, 1969: 15, pl. 3, fig. 665

  1. Lectotype: AMNH 195428.

  2. Locality: 25 ft, south of Barbados, Atlantic Ocean.

  3. Collector: “Bajan shrimpers.”

  4. Remarks: ex Usticke Collection #665. Although Usticke (1969: 15) cited this taxon as a “var.,” he listed it as a “n[ew] sp[ecies]” (1969: 15), treated it subspecifically in the index, and called it “Murex incertum” in the figure caption. We consider this taxon to have been subspecifically described. Usticke (1971: 11) stated that this specimen was the holotype. Because Usticke (1969: 15) did not designate a holotype, Usticke's (1971) action constituted a lectotype designation. The repository of the paralectotypes is unknown; their existence is indicated by Usticke's (1969: 15) given size range for the taxon of 70–85 mm length. This taxon is a synonym of Chicoreus (C.) brevifrons (Lamarck, 1822) (Vokes, 1990: 35).

Murex springeri Bullis, 1964: 104–105, figs. 7–8

  1. Paratypes: AMNH 111200 (3 specimens).

  2. Locality: Sta. 2061, 55–60 fathoms, 02°31′N, 48°48′W, off Amazon River, Amapá, Brazil, Atlantic Ocean.

  3. Collector: R/V “Oregon,” Nov. 15, 1957.

  4. Remarks: The holotype is USNM 635148, and additional paratypes are in ANSP, FMNH, MCZ, MML, and TM (Bullis, 1964: 99). This taxon is placed in the genus Chicoreus Montfort, 1810, and subgenus Siratus Jousseaume, 1880 (Vokes, 1990: 52).

Murex thompsoni Bullis, 1964: 103–104, figs. 3–4

  1. Paratypes: AMNH 111199 (2 specimens).

  2. Locality: Sta. 2061, 55–60 fathoms, 02°31′N, 48°48′W, off Amazon River, Amapá, Brazil, Atlantic Ocean.

  3. Collector: R/V “Oregon,” Nov. 15, 1957.

  4. Remarks: The holotype is USNM 635147, and additional paratypes are in ANSP, FMNH, MCZ, MML, and TM (Bullis, 1964: 99). This taxon is placed in the genus Chicoreus Montfort, 1810, and subgenus Siratus Jousseaume, 1880 (Vokes, 1990: 109).

Murexiella (Murexiella) keenae Vokes, 1970b: 328, pl. 50, figs. 8–10

  1. Paratype: AMNH 154654 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: 6–10 fathoms, off Arroyo Hondo, Maria Madre Island, Tres Marias group, Nayarit, Mexico, Pacific Ocean.

  3. Collector: R/V “Puritan” Expedition, April 8, 1957.

  4. Remarks: The holotype is LACM 1259 (Vokes, 1970b: 328). This taxon is a synonym of M. humilis (Broderip, 1833) (Radwin and D'Attilio, 1976: 157).

Murexiella mactanensis Emerson and D'Attilio, 1979: 7, figs. 7–8

  1. Holotype: AMNH 187816.

  2. Locality: 30 m, off Punta Engaño, Mactan Island, Philippines, Pacific Ocean.

  3. Collector: Unknown, 1977.

  4. Remarks: The paratypes are SDNHM 73800 and in the collections of A. Deynzer and D. Pisor (Emerson and D'Attilio, 1979: 7).

Murexiella peregrina Olivera, 1980: 19–20, figs. 1–3

  1. Paratype: AMNH 203625 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: Punta Engaño, Mactan Island, Cebu, Philippines, Pacific Ocean.

  3. Collector: Unknown.

  4. Remarks: ex Olivera Collection (paratype #11). The holotype is USNM 783326, and additional paratypes are UMNH 2000 and in the collection of B. Olivera (Olivera, 1980: 20).

Murexiella radwini Emerson and D'Attilio, 1970a: 270–271, pl. 39, figs. 1–2, text fig. 2

  1. Holotype: AMNH 155903.

  2. Locality: 100 m, Tagus Cove, Isabella Island, Galápagos Islands, Ecuador, Pacific Ocean.

  3. Collector: A. and J. DeRoy, Jan. 29, 1968.

  4. Remarks: The paratypes are SDNHM 51335 and in the collection of A. D'Attilio (Emerson and D'Attilio, 1970a: 271).

Murexsul jacquelinae Emerson and D'Attilio, 1969b: 324, pl. 50, text fig. 1

  1. Holotype: AMNH 147968.

  2. Paratype: AMNH 147969 (1 specimen).

  3. Locality: 100 m, Tagus Cove, Isabella Island (AMNH 147968); 50 m, off Barrington Island (AMNH 147969), Galápagos Islands, Ecuador, Pacific Ocean.

  4. Collector: J. DeRoy, Dec. 29, 1967 (AMNH 147969), Jan. 30, 1968 (AMNH 147968).

  5. Remarks: Additional paratypes are in the collections of C. Angermeyer, A. D'Attilio, and J. DeRoy (Emerson and D'Attilio, 1969b: 325).

Muricanthus kusterianus bozzadamii Franchi, 1990: 43, pl. 1, bottom row; pl. 2

  1. Paratypes: AMNH 252968 (1 specimen), 252971 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: 80–100 fathoms, off Mogadishu, Somalia, Indian Ocean.

  3. Collector: Unknown, 1989.

  4. Remarks: ex Bozzetti Collection (paratypes B and C). The holotype is in MNHP, and the additional paratypes are in the collections of L. Bozzetti and F. Franchi (Franchi, 1990: 44). This taxon is placed in the genus Hexaplex Swainson, 1833 (Houart, 1994: 36).

Muricodrupa jacobsoni Emerson and D'Attilio, 1981: 78, figs. 1–4

  1. Paratype: AMNH 201460 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: Manus Island, Bismark Archipelago, Pacific Ocean.

  3. Collector: Unknown.

  4. Remarks: The holotype is LACM 71–205, and additional paratypes are SDNHM 76523 and in the collections of B. Mabry and T. Whitehead (Emerson and D'Attilio, 1981: 78).

Muricopsis jaliscoensis Radwin and D'Attilio, 1970: 353, pl. 52, figs. 4–5

  1. Paratypes: AMNH 153349 (5 specimens).

  2. Locality: On sheet reef around rocks, Barra de Navidad, Jalísco, Mexico, Pacific Ocean.

  3. Collector: H. and J. DuShane, Feb. 1, 1969.

  4. Remarks: The holotype is SDNHM 51251, and additional paratypes are LACM 65–14, 65–15, SDNHM 51015, 51250, and 51285 (Radwin and D'Attilio, 1970: 353).

Muricopsis (Risomurex) matildae Rolán and Fernandes, 1991: 17–18, figs. 4–6, 11, 14, 17

  1. Paratype: AMNH 255066 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality 3 m, Esprainha, São Tomé Island, São Tomé and Principe, Atlantic Ocean.

  3. Collector: E. Rolán.

  4. Remarks: ex Rolán Collection. The holotype is MNCN 15.05/1111, and additional paratypes are in BMNH, MNHN, and the collections of M. Espinosa, F. Fernandes, R. Houart, and E. Rolán (Rolán and Fernandes, 1991: 18).

Muricopsis (Risomurex) rutilus mariangelae Rolán and Fernandes, 1991: 13–14, figs. 1–3, 10–13, 16

  1. Paratype: AMNH 255065 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: 3 m, Praia Quince, São Tomé Island, São Tomé and Principe, Atlantic Ocean.

  3. Collector: E. Rolán.

  4. Remarks: ex Rolán Collection. The holotype is MNCN 15.05/1110, and additional paratypes are in BMNH, CZL, MNHN, and the collections of M. Espinosa, F. Fernandes, R. Houart, and E. Rolán (Rolán and Fernandes, 1991: 14).

Muricopsis skoglundae Myers, Hertz, and D'Attilio, 1993: 78–80, figs. 1–5

  1. Paratype: AMNH 232521 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: 30–45 m, south of Danzante Island, Gulf of California, Mexico, Pacific Ocean.

  3. Collectors: C. and P. Skoglund, Oct. 1981.

  4. Remarks: The holotype is SBMNH 35610, and additional paratypes are in the collections of C. Hertz and C. Skoglund (Myers et al., 1993: 79).

Muricopsis sunderlandi Petuch, 1987: 53–54, pl. 9, figs. 3–5

  1. Paratypes: AMNH 223375 (1 specimen), 266339 (1 specimen), 274421 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: 10 m, off north side of Cay Sal, Cay Sal Bank, Bahamas, Atlantic Ocean.

  3. Collector: K. Sunderland, 1982.

  4. Remarks: ex Sunderland Collection (AMNH 266339) via Deynzer Collection (AMNH 223375) and via P. Fleischner Collection (AMNH 274421). The holotype is USNM 859848, and additional paratypes are USNM 859849 and in the collection of K. Sunderland (Petuch, 1987: 54).

Muricopsis tulensis Radwin and D'Attilio, 1976: 233–234, figs. 184–185

  1. Paratypes: AMNH 222062 (5 specimens).

  2. Locality: El Pulmo Reef, Baja California Sur, Mexico, Pacific Ocean.

  3. Collector: H. DuShane, Jan. 19–27, 1967.

  4. Remarks: ex DuShane Collection. The holotype is SDSNH 61232, and additional paratypes are SDSNH 63161 and in the collection of D. Shasky (Radwin and D'Attilio, 1976: 234).

Muricopsis westonensis Myers and D'Attilio, 1990: 285–286, figs. 5–10

  1. Paratypes: AMNH 232085 (2 specimen).

  2. Locality: 24 m, Bahia Yglesias, Cocos Island, Costa Rica, Pacific Ocean.

  3. Collector: D. Shasky, April 1983.

  4. Remarks: The holotype is USNM 860019, and additional paratypes are LACM 2201, MCZ 297217, SBMNH 35045, SDNHM 93345–93347, USNM 860020, 860021, and in ANSP, CASIZ, and the collection of D. Shasky (Myers and D'Attilio, 1990: 285–286).

Naquetia fosteri D'Attilio and Hertz, 1987: 190–192, figs. 1–6

  1. Paratype: AMNH 239353 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: 40–45 m, off Eilat, Israel, Red Sea.

  3. Collector: D. Bloome.

  4. Remarks: ex Vaught Collection. The holotype is SDNHM 91996, and additional paratypes are SDNHM 91997, 91998, and in the collections of R. Foster, L. Glass, and D. Pisor (D'Attilio and Hertz, 1987: 190, 192).

Nassarina (Cigclirina) helenae Keen, 1971: 594, fig. 1247

  1. Paratypes: AMNH 222059 (5 specimens).

  2. Locality: 4 fathoms, Puertocitos, Baja California Sur, Mexico, Pacific Ocean.

  3. Collector: H. DuShane, G. Sphon, and D. King, Nov. 27, 1964.

  4. Remarks: ex DuShane Collection. The holotype is SU 10047, and additional paratypes are in CASIZ, LACM, SU, and the collection of J. McLean (Keen, 1971: 594, 943).

Nassarius caelolineatus Nesbitt and Pitt, 1986: 294–295, figs. 1–2, 17a

  1. Paratypes: AMNH 221447 (6 specimens).

  2. Locality: 5–10 fathoms, 90°18′05″W, 00°44′40″S, north side of Academy Bay, Isla Santa Cruz, Galápagos Islands, Ecuador, Pacific Ocean.

  3. Collector: A. G. Smith and J. DeRoy, Feb. 1964.

  4. Remarks: The holotype is CASIZ 058038, and additional paratypes are CASIZ 058039 and in ANSP, BMNH, CDRS, LACM, MCZ, UCMP, and USNM (Nesbitt and Pitt, 1986: 295).

Nassarius “var.” nanus Usticke, 1959: 70, pl. 4, fig. 5

  1. Holotype: AMNH 195433.

  2. Paratype: AMNH 294362 (1 specimen).

  3. Locality: Cane Bay, St. Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands, Atlantic Ocean.

  4. Collector: Unknown.

  5. Remarks: ex Usticke Collection #806 (AMNH 195433) and Schwartz Collection (AMNH 294362). Usticke (1959: 70) described this taxon as a “var.” (= variety; no taxon given in the species heading) that is a “dwarf race” of N. albus (Say, 1826) but that “deserves a sub specific title.” Despite this convoluted logic, the taxon was first listed by Usticke (1959: vi) as “Nassarius nanus” under the heading “new species and subspecies.” We consider the description to be at a specific or subspecific level, but because Usticke (1959) was so imprecise it is hard to tell which. In either case, the holotype designation is valid. The repository of additional paratypes is unknown; their existence is indicated by Usticke's (1959: 70) given size range for the taxon of 4–5 mm length. The name is preoccupied by N. nanus (A. Adams, 1852), and was replaced by N. karinae Usticke, 1971 (Usticke, 1971: 14). The types for N. nanus Usticke and N. karinae are identical.

Nassarius smitsorum Kool, 1990: 171–173, figs. 1–3

  1. Paratypes: AMNH 232162 (2 specimens).

  2. Locality: Doré Bay, mouth of Uriami River, Manokwari, West Irian, New Guinea, Pacific Ocean.

  3. Collector: J. H. and D. Smits, 1960.

  4. Remarks: ex Kool Collection. The holotype is ZMA 3.90.005, and additional paratypes are ZMA 3.90.006 and in the collections of LACM, MCZ, RMNH, USNM, H. H. Kool, and D. Smits (Kool, 1990: 172–173).

Natica acinonyx Marche-Marchad, 1957: 203–204, pl. 1, figs. 4–5

  1. Paratype: AMNH 203860 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: Sta. 56.1.10 B, 170–200 m, Cap Vert, Senegal, Atlantic Ocean.

  3. Collector: R/V “Gérard-Tréca,” Jan. 10, 1956.

  4. Remarks: ex Cate Collection. The holotype, and additional paratypes are in MNHN (Marche-Marchad, 1957: 200).

Natica brunneolinea McLean, 1970a: 313, pl. 46, figs. 9–10

  1. Paratype: AMNH 154687 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: 50–100 fathoms, 00°45′S, 90°20′W, Academy Bay, Santa Cruz Island, Galápagos Islands, Ecuador, Pacific Ocean.

  3. Collector: A. and J. DeRoy, April 26, 1967.

  4. Remarks: ex LACM. The holotype is LACM 1282, and additional paratypes are LACM 1283, SDNHM 51304, and USNM 679557 (McLean, 1970a: 313).

Natica dixoni Fernandes and Rolán, 1992a: 31–33, figs. 2, 7–8

  1. Paratype: AMNH 259074 (1 specimen, lost).

  2. Locality: Pipas Bay, 30 km from Namibe, Angola, Atlantic Ocean.

  3. Collector: F. Fernandes.

  4. Remarks: ex Rolán Collection. The holotype is in MNCN, and additional paratypes are in BMNH, MNHN, and the collections of F. Fernandes, E. Rolán, and P. Ryall (Fernandes and Rolán, 1992a: 33). This specimen was sent to AMNH by Rolán (in litt.) and cataloged, but it cannot be located in the collection.

Natica guesti Harasewych and Jensen, 1984: 99, figs. 1–11

  1. Paratype: AMNH 213734 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: 347 fathoms, 2.5 mi off Castle Roads, Bermuda, Atlantic Ocean.

  3. Collector: Lightbourn–Guest “Northstar” Expedition, 1982.

  4. Remarks: The holotype is USNM 765087, and additional paratypes are in DMNH, MCZ, USNM, and the collections of C. Finlay, A. Guest, and R. Lightbourn (Harasewych and Jensen, 1984: 99–101).

Natica hayesae Usticke, 1959: 55–56

  1. Syntypes: lost.

  2. Locality: Ham Bay, St. Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands, Atlantic Ocean.

  3. Collector: M. Hayes.

  4. Remarks: This taxon was never figured by Usticke (1959, 1969, 1971). The syntypes are not in AMNH and are considered lost. Usticke (1969, 1971) himself synonymized this taxon with Natica cayennensis Recluz, 1850.

Natica imperforata Jay, 1836: explanation of pl. 4 [p. 87], fig. 10

  1. Syntypes: AMNH 14674 (2 specimens), 14677 (3 specimens), 56068 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: ”?” (Jay, 1836: 87); “Isl. Tablas” [Philippines, Pacific Ocean] (Jay, 1850: 176).

  3. Collector: Unknown.

  4. Remarks: ex Jay Collection #2204a (Jay, 1839), #7000 (Jay, 1850) (AMNH 14674, 56068),? (Jay, 1839), #7001 (Jay, 1850) (AMNH 14677). AMNH 56068 is labeled “fig'd spec.” on the specimen label and AMNH file card, but the specimen is not labeled as such in Jay's handwriting and it does not closely match Jay's (1836: fig. 10) figure. AMNH 14677 may not be syntypes, because there is no corresponding Jay catalog number for them in his 1839 edition; they may have been added to his collection after 1839 but before 1850. Jay (1836: 87) cited “several specimens” as being in his collection at the time of description; the whereabouts of other type specimens (if any) are unknown. This species is a synonym of Globularia fluctuata (Sowerby, 1825) (Abbott and Dance, 1982: 101).

Natica livida oceani Usticke, 1959: 54, 56, pl. 3, fig. 6

  1. Holotype: AMNH 195426.

  2. Paratype: AMNH 294365 (1 specimen).

  3. Locality: North of Fredericksted, St. Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands, Atlantic Ocean.

  4. Collector: Unknown.

  5. Remarks: ex Usticke Collection #579 (AMNH 195426) and Schwartz Collection (AMNH 294365). The repository of additional paratypes is unknown; their existence is indicated by Usticke's (1959: 54) given size range for the taxon of 8–11 mm length.

Natica ryalli Fernandes and Rolán, 1992a: 29–31, pl. 1, figs. 1–6; text figs. 1, 3

  1. Paratypes: AMNH 259073 (2 specimens).

  2. Locality: 6 m, Palmeirinhas Point, 60 km south of Luanda, Angola, Atlantic Ocean.

  3. Collector: F. Fernandes.

  4. Remarks: ex Rolán Collection. The holotype is in MNCN, and additional paratypes are in BMNH, MNHN, and the collections of F. Fernandes, E. Rolán, and P. Ryall (Fernandes and Rolán, 1992a: 31).

Natica sigillata McLean, 1970a: 313, pl. 46, figs. 11–12

  1. Paratype: AMNH 154688 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: 50 fathoms, 00°16′S, 91°22′W, Tagus Cove, Isabela Island, Galápagos Islands, Ecuador, Pacific Ocean.

  3. Collector: A. and J. DeRoy, Jan. 25 or 29, 1968.

  4. Remarks: ex LACM. The holotype is LACM 1284, and additional paratypes are LACM 1285, SDNHM 51305, and USNM 679558 (McLean, 1970a: 313).

Naticarius oteroi Fernandes and Rolán, 1990b: 81–83, pl. 1, fig. d; text figs. 4–5

  1. Paratype: AMNH 252794 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: Bahia Teodora, Boavista Island, Cape Verde Islands, Portugal, Atlantic Ocean.

  3. Collector: E. Rolán, June 18, 1991.

  4. Remarks: ex Rolán Collection. The holotype is MNCN 15.05/1201, and additional paratypes are in MNCN and the collections of F. Fernandes, J. Otero-Schmitt, and E. Rolán (Fernandes and Rolán, 1990b: 82).

Naticarius vittatus corimbensis Fernandes and Rolán, 1990b: 80–81, pl. 1, figs. a–b, d; text figs. 3, 6

  1. Paratype: AMNH 252792 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: 20 m, Corimba, Luanda, Angola, Atlantic Ocean.

  3. Collector: E. Rolán, June 18, 1991.

  4. Remarks: ex Rolán Collection. The holotype is MNCN 15.05/1200, and additional paratypes are in MNCN and the collections of F. Fernandes, J. Otero-Schmitt, and E. Rolán (Fernandes and Rolán, 1990b: 81).

Neomphalus fretterae McLean, 1981: 294–306, figs. 1–12

  1. Paratypes: AMNH 206088 (3 specimens, alcohol).

  2. Locality: Dive 733, 2482–2518 m, 00°47′69N, 86°07′74″W, “Garden of Eden,” Galápagos Rift, Pacific Ocean.

  3. Collector: R/V “Alvin,” March 16, 1977.

  4. Remarks: The holotype is USNM 784637, and additional paratypes are LACM 1966, MCZ 280321, USNM 784638, and in numerous museums cited by McLean (1981: 294–295). This taxon is the type of the genus Neomphalus McLean, 1981, by monotypy, which is the type of the family Neomphalidae McLean, 1981, by monotypy, which is the type of the superfamily Neomphalacea McLean, 1981, by monotypy (McLean, 1981: 294).

Neothauma tanganyicense Smith, 1880b: 349, pl. 31, figs. 7–7c

  1. Syntype: AMNH 56109 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: Lake Tanganyika, Kenya.

  3. Collector: E. Hore.

  4. Remarks: ex unknown collection. This taxon is the type of the genus Neothauma Smith, 1880, by monotypy (Smith, 1880b: 349).

Neptunea stilesi Smith, 1968: 117–120, pl. 14, figs. 1–7

  1. Paratype: AMNH 147746 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: 100–125 fathoms, La Perouse Bank, 40 mi west of Cape Flattery, Washington, United States, to Cape Scott, British Columbia, Canada, Pacific Ocean.

  3. Collector: Commercial fishermen.

  4. Remarks: ex Stiles Collection. The holotype is CAS 13124, and additional paratypes are CAS 371–376, and in CAS, LACM, SMDV, SU, USNM, ZIL, and the collection of E. Stiles (Smith, 1968: 118).

Neritina papillosa Jay, 1836: explanation of pl. 3 [p. 87], fig. 11

  1. Syntypes: AMNH 17137 (5 specimens), 56072 (7 specimens).

  2. Locality: ”?” (Jay, 1836: 87); “Sandwich Islands” [= Hawaii, United States, Pacific Ocean] (Jay, 1839: 117).

  3. Collector: Unknown.

  4. Remarks: ex Jay Collection #2169a (Jay, 1839), #6828 (Jay, 1850) (AMNH 17137), #2169a (Jay, 1839), #6829 (Jay, 1850) (AMNH 56072). One specimen in AMNH 56072 is labeled as “fig d. pl. 4 fig. 11,” and one other specimen in that lot appears to be another of the three figured specimens. None of the specimens from AMNH 17137 are figured. The whereabouts of other type specimens (including one of the three figured specimens) are unknown. Although Jay (1850: 286) gave “6828” for the specimens of N. papillosa, one lot of AMNH specimens (56072) is from “6829”; however, because one specimen from this lot is correctly labeled as a figured specimen, it is assumed that some interpolation of numbers was made in the past and AMNH 56072 is part of the type series. This species is a synonym of Neritina granosa (Sowerby, 1825) (Kay, 1979: 65).

Nesopoma eyerdami Clench, 1958: 169, pl. 17, fig. 4

  1. Holotype: AMNH 73885.

  2. Locality: Su'u, Malaita Island, Solomon Islands, Pacific Ocean.

  3. Collector: W. Eyerdam, March 1930.

  4. Remarks: The 2 paratypes are MCZ 188086 (Clench, 1958: 169).

Nesopoma galathea Clench, 1958: 169–170, pl. 17, fig. 2

  1. Holotype: AMNH 73884.

  2. Locality: Su'u, Malaita Island, Solomon Islands, Pacific Ocean.

  3. Collector: W. Eyerdam, March 1930.

  4. Remarks: The paratypes are in MCZ and ZMUC (Clench, 1958: 170).

Neverita (Neverita) lamonae Marincovich, 1975: 168–169, figs. 1, 4–5

  1. Paratype: AMNH 181738 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: Sample BMT 186, 2816 m, 44°34.8′N, 125°33.6′W, off central Oregon, United States, Pacific Ocean.

  3. Collector: Department of Oceanography, Oregon State University, on R/V “Yaquina,” March 16, 1970.

  4. Remarks: The holotype is USNM 741012, and additional paratypes are CASIZ 55391, LACM 1732, and USNM 741013 (Marincovich, 1975: 169).

Niso (Niso) baueri Emerson, 1965a: 6–7, fig. 8

  1. Holotype: AMNH 113002.

  2. Paratypes: AMNH 113001 (2 specimens).

  3. Locality: Sta. 89, 20–40 fathoms, 23°21′N, 109°25′W, Los Frailes Bay (AMNH 113002); Sta. 145, 40–45 fathoms, 26°07′15″N, 111°18′15″W, off west side of Coronados Island (AMNH 113001), Baja California Sur, Mexico, Pacific Ocean.

  4. Collector: R/V “Puritan,” April 19 (AMNH 113002) and May 8 (AMNH 113001), 1957.

Niso emersoni McLean, 1970b: 128, figs. 39–40

  1. Paratype: AMNH 160265 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: 7–11 fathoms, 13°52′30″N, 91°10′30″W, off San José Point, Guatemala, Pacific Ocean.

  3. Collector: R/V “Velero III,” Jan. 11, 1938.

  4. Remarks: The holotype is LACM 1403, and additional paratypes are LACM 1404 and in USNM (McLean, 1970b: 128).

Notadusta rabaulensis F. Schilder, 1964: 141–144, fig. 1

  1. Holotype: AMNH 189515.

  2. Locality: 44 fathoms, Rabaul, New Britain, Papua New Guinea, Pacific Ocean.

  3. Collector: E. Schlosser.

  4. Remarks: ex Summers Collection.

Notocypraea casta F. Schilder and Summers, 1963a: 66, pls. 8–9, figs. a–c

  1. Paratypes: AMNH 186331 (1 specimen), 213468 (1 specimen), 213469 (1 specimen), 213470 (1 specimen), 213471 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: Port MacDonell, South Australia, Pacific Ocean.

  3. Collector: I. Carrison.

  4. Remarks: ex Summers Collection. The holotype was in the collection of F. Schilder (#14620; current repository unknown), and the 4 additional paratypes were in the collections of “Schilder, Summers, Trenberth, et al.” (current repository unknown) (Schilder and Summers, 1963a: 66). A paratype (ex Summers Collection) may be in FMNH. This taxon is a subspecies of N. comptonii (Gray, 1847) (Lorenz and Hubert, 1993: 101).

Obtusella lata Rolán and Rubio, 1999: 4, figs. 6–8

  1. Paratypes: AMNH 294228 (2 specimens).

  2. Locality: 15–30 m, Pau Seco, Maio, Cape Verde Islands, Portugal, Atlantic Ocean.

  3. Collector: Unknown.

  4. Remarks: ex Rolán Collection. The holotype is MNCN 15.05/32185, and additional paratypes are in MNCN, MNHN, NNM, USNM, and the collections of E. Rolán and F. Rubio (Rolán and Rubio, 1999: 4).

Ocinebrina adansoni Kosuge and Fernandes, 1989: 132–133, pl. 51, figs. 1–4

  1. Paratype: AMNH 242677 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: Emilia Beach, São Tomé, São Tomé and Principe, Atlantic Ocean.

  3. Collector: F. Fernandes.

  4. Remarks: ex Fernandes Collection (paratype #5). The holotype is IMT-88–177, and additional paratypes are IMT-88–178 and in BMNH, IRSNB, MNHN, USNM, and the collection of F. Fernandes (Kosuge and Fernandes, 1989: 133).

Odontocymbiola macaensis Calvo and Coltro, 1997: 34, pl. 1, fig. 7; pl. 6; pl. 8, figs. 1–3

  1. Paratype: AMNH 226515 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: 90–150 m, sandy bottom, off Ilha de Santana, Macae, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, Atlantic Ocean.

  3. Collector: Shrimp fishermen, September 1994.

  4. Remarks: ex Coltro. The holotype is MORG 32.732 (Calvo and Coltro, 1997: 34). The repository of additional paratypes is unknown.

Odontocymbiola saotomensis Calvo and Coltro, 1997: 35–37, pl. 1, fig. 8; pl. 6; pl. 7, figs. 4–6

  1. Paratype: AMNH 226516 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: 10–30 m, off Cape of São Tomé, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, Atlantic Ocean.

  3. Collector: Shrimp fishermen, March 1995.

  4. Remarks: The holotype is MORG 32.735, and additional paratypes are MORG 32.736, MORG 32.737, MZUSP 28.088, and in the collection of J. Coltro, Jr. (Calvo and Coltro, 1997: 36).

Odostomia (Menestho) beauforti Jacot, 1921: 139–140

  1. Holotype: AMNH 15728.

  2. Locality: Piver's Island, Beaufort, Carteret Co., North Carolina, United States, Atlantic Ocean.

  3. Collector: A. Jacot, 1915–1916.

  4. Remarks: ex Jacot Collection. AMNH 15728 is the holotype by monotypy and is figured herein (fig. 16). This taxon is a synonym of Boonea impressa (Say, 1822) (Robertson, 1978: 371).

Odostomia charlottae Usticke, 1969: 31, pl. 6, fig. 1343

  1. Lectotype: AMNH 193559.

  2. Paralectotype: AMNH 294372 (1 specimen).

  3. Locality: Charlotte Point, Antigua, Antigua and Barbuda, Atlantic Ocean.

  4. Collector: Unknown.

  5. Remarks: ex Usticke Collection #1343. We herein select the specimen figured by Usticke (1969, pl. 6, fig. 1343) as lectotype in order to fix the identity of this poorly defined taxon. This taxon is a synonym of Fargoa bushiana (Bartsch, 1909) (Faber, 1988: 75).

Odostomia (Miralda) judithae Usticke, 1959: 86, pl. 4, fig. 16

  1. Holotype: AMNH 198476.

  2. Locality: Judith's Fancy, Sugar Bay, St. Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands, Atlantic Ocean.

  3. Collector: Unknown.

  4. Remarks: ex Usticke Collection #1349. Usticke (1959: 86–87) gave only a single measurement for this species, and his description is clearly based on one specimen. The specimens (AMNH 193561) listed by Faber (1988: 81) as “paratypes” are not type specimens. This taxon is a synonym of Odostomia babylonia (C. B. Adams, 1845) (Faber, 1988: 81; Wise, 1996: 491).

Oliva callosa Li, 1930: 271–272, pl. 7, fig. 61

  1. Holotype: AMNH 269086.

  2. Locality: Mouth of Rio Grande, in mud, 10–40 ft, 1 mi from mainland near La Boca, Panama Bay, Panama, Pacific Ocean.

  3. Collector: D. MacDonald, 1907.

  4. Remarks: ex Columbia University 22121. AMNH 269086 is the holotype by monotypy. This taxon is a synonym of O. (O.) polpasta Duclos, 1835 (Zeigler and Porreca, 1969: 32).

Oliva foxi Stingley, 1984: 28, fig. 1

  1. Paratype: AMNH 264800 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: 50–60 ft, off Cocos Island, Costa Rica, Pacific Ocean.

  3. Collector: A. Fox, 1983.

  4. Remarks: ex Stingley Collection via Bailey–Matthews Museum. The holotype is in ANSP, and the additional paratypes are in the collections of A. Fox and D. Stingley (now in Bailey–Matthews Museum) (Stingley, 1984: 28).

Oliva kerstitchi da Motta, 1985c: 9, 2 unnumbered figs

  1. Paratype: AMNH 213496 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: Cabo San Lucas, Baja California Sur, Mexico, Pacific Ocean.

  3. Collector: Unknown.

  4. Remarks: ex A. da Motta. AMNH 213496 is da Motta's (1985c: 9) paratype #3. The holotype is MHNG 984.631, and 5 additional paratypes are in the collection of A. da Motta (da Motta, 1985c: 9). This taxon is a synonym of O. polpasta Duclos, 1833 (Tursch et al., 1998: 28).

Oliva (Galeola) kwajaleinensis da Motta, 1985c: 8, 3 unnumbered figs

  1. Paratypes: AMNH 213497 (2 specimens).

  2. Locality: 10–40 ft, Kwajalein Atoll, Marshall Islands, Pacific Ocean.

  3. Collector: Unknown.

  4. Remarks: ex A. da Motta. AMNH 213497 is da Motta's (1985c: 8) paratypes #3 and #4. The holotype is MHNG 984.632, and 8 additional paratypes are in the collection of A. da Motta (da Motta, 1985c: 8).

Oliva rejecta Burch and Burch, 1962: 166, pl. 17, “left figs.”

  1. Paratype: AMNH 96719 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: La Paz, Baja California Sur, Mexico, Pacific Ocean.

  3. Collector: Unknown.

  4. Remarks: ex Burch and Burch. The holotype is CASIZ 12400, and additional paratypes “will be distributed to various institutions” (Burch and Burch, 1962: 166). This taxon is a synonym of O. spicata (Röding, 1798) (Tursch et al., 1998: 31).

Oliva trujilloi Clench, 1938: 111–112, pl. 9, figs. 3–5

  1. Paratypes: AMNH 79010 (6 specimens).

  2. Locality: 5 fathoms, Puerto Plata, Santo Domingo, Atlantic Ocean.

  3. Collector: W. Clench, H. Russell, R. McLean, and H. Hurst, July 1937.

  4. Remarks: ex MCZ. The holotype is MCZ 57240, and additional paratypes are MCZ 57241 (Clench, 1938: 112). This taxon is a synonym of O. scripta Lamarck, 1811 (Tursch et al., 1998: 30).

Olivella (Olivella) adelae Olsson, 1956: 173, pl. 10, figs. 8, 8a; pl. 16, figs. 9, 9a

  1. Paratypes: AMNH 194656 (8 specimens).

  2. Locality: Bradenton Beach, Manatee Co., Florida, United States, Atlantic Ocean.

  3. Collector: A. Koto.

  4. Remarks: ex Usticke Collection. The holotype is ANSP 194582 (Olsson, 1956: 173). The repository of additional paratypes is unknown.

Olivella (Olivella) altatae Burch and Campbell, 1963: 123, pl. 6, figs. 5–6

  1. Paratype: AMNH 108483 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: Altata, Sinaloa, Mexico, Pacific Ocean.

  3. Collector: E. Coan, Dec. 21, 1961.

  4. Remarks: ex Burch and Campbell. The holotype is CASIZ 12527, and additional paratypes are in the collections of J. Burch, B. Campbell, E. Coan, and “distributed to various institutions” (Burch and Campbell, 1963: 123), including MCZ 238762.

Olivella (Dactylidella) cymatilis Berry, 1963: 146

  1. Paratypes: AMNH 269841 (2 specimens).

  2. Locality: Magdalena Bay, Baja California Sur, Mexico, Pacific Ocean.

  3. Collector: C. Orcutt, March 1917.

  4. Remarks: ex Berry Collection via Long Collection. The holotype was SU 9179 (now CASIZ 043908), and additional paratypes are LACM 1961, SBMNH 34620, and SDNHM 47504 (Hertz, 1999: 32, fig. 71). AMNH 269841 was donated to AMNH subsequent to Hertz (1984) but was not cited by Hertz (1999).

Olivella (Olivella) sphoni Burch and Campbell, 1963: 124–125, text fig. 1; pl. 6, figs. 1–4

  1. Paratype: AMNH 108482 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: 12 m, between Dos Hermanos Islands, few hundred meters off Mazatlan, Sinaloa, Mexico, Pacific Ocean.

  3. Collectors: B. Campbell and V. Bohr, May 18, 1961.

  4. Remarks: The holotype is CAS 12528, and additional paratypes are SDSNH 45219, 45221, “in the type collections of several institutions,” and in the collections of J. Burch, B. Campbell, and E. Sphon (Burch and Campbell, 1963: 124).

Omalogyra fuscopardalis Rolán, 1992b: 36–38, figs. 1, 3, 5, 7

  1. Paratype: AMNH 226444 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: 3 m, Baracoa, Cuba, Atlantic Ocean.

  3. Collector: Unknown.

  4. Remarks: ex Rolán Collection. The holotype is MNCN 15.05/6791, and additional paratypes are in IES and the collection of E. Rolán (Rolán, 1992b: 36).

Omalogyra zebrina Rolán, 1992b: 38–40, figs. 2, 4, 6, 8

  1. Paratype: AMNH 226445 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: 4 m, Baracoa, Cuba, Atlantic Ocean.

  3. Collector: Unknown.

  4. Remarks: ex Rolán Collection. The holotype is MNCN 15.05/6792, and additional paratypes are BMNH 1992098, ZMA 3.92.043, and in IES, MNHN, and the collection of E. Rolán (Rolán, 1992b: 38).

Omphalotropis nebulosa guppyi Clench, 1958: 171, pl. 17, fig. 1

  1. Holotype: AMNH 70794.

  2. Paratypes: AMNH 70795 (3 specimens), 79007 (1 specimen).

  3. Locality: 2000 ft, Olimburi (AMNH 70794), 1300 ft, Wahle's Village (AMNH 70795), Kivarambara (AMNH 79007), Malaita Island, Solomon Islands.

  4. Collector: W. Eyerdam, April 1930.

  5. Remarks: Clench (1958: 171) erroneously gave the catalog number of the holotype as “59010.” Because Clench (1958: 171) expressly indicated that the type series was composed of “only 5 specimens,” MCZ 93014 (labeled “paratype”) is not a type specimen.

Opalia (Opalia) burchorum DuShane, 1988: 270, fig. 5

  1. Paratype: AMNH 275632 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: 540 m, 21°21.2′N, 158°09.1′W, off Kahe Point, Oahu, Hawaii, United States, Pacific Ocean.

  3. Collector: T. and B. Burch, March 1978.

  4. Remarks: ex DuShane Collection. The holotype is BPBM 8974, and additional paratypes are LACM 2303, USNM 859310, and in the collection of T. and B. Burch (DuShane, 1988: 270).

Opalia chacei Strong, 1937: 5, pl. 2, fig. 9

  1. Paratypes: AMNH 275634 (2 specimens), 275635 (4 specimens).

  2. Locality: Crescent City, Del Norte Co., California, United States, Pacific Ocean.

  3. Collector: E. and E. Chace, 1932.

  4. Remarks: ex DuShane Collection. The holotype is LACM 1045 (Strong, 1937: 5). The repository of additional paratypes is unknown. This taxon is a synonym of O. (O.) borealis Keep, 1881 (Weil et al., 1999: 198).

Opalia karinae Usticke, 1969: 13, pl. 3, fig. 423

  1. Holotype: AMNH 195420.

  2. Locality: Christiansted, St. Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands, Atlantic Ocean.

  3. Collector: Unknown.

  4. Remarks: ex Usticke Collection #423. AMNH 195420 is the holotype by monotypy. This taxon is placed in the genus Cirsotrema Mörch, 1852 (Faber, 1988: 82). Weil et al. (1999) did not include this taxon in their wentletrap book.

Opalia (Dentiscala) paulula DuShane, 1974: 72–73, figs. 152, 154

  1. Paratype: ASMNH 275626 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: 11 m, 19°13′N, 104°44′W, Cuastecomate Bay, Jalisco, Mexico, Pacific Ocean.

  3. Collector: H. DuShane, Feb. 5, 1969.

  4. Remarks: ex DuShane Collection. The holotype is LACM 1611 (DuShane, 1974: 73).

Opisthosiphon (Opisthosiphona) paredonense paredonense Torre and Henderson, 1921: 251, pl. 38, figs. 9–11

  1. Paratypes: AMNH 151028 (3 specimens).

  2. Locality: Sierra de Cubitas, Los Paradones, Camagüey Province, Cuba.

  3. Collector: Unknown.

  4. Remarks: ex Alcalde Collection via Jacobson Collection. The holotype is USNM 314946 (Torre and Henderson, 1921: 251). This taxon is placed in the subgenus Cubitasiphona Torre and Bartsch, 1941 (Torre and Bartsch, 1941: 214).

Pachychilus fuentesi Aguayo, 1936: 169, figs. 1–2

  1. Paratypes: AMNH 145495 (2 specimens).

  2. Locality: Alpie del Yunque, Baracoa, Oriente, Cuba.

  3. Collector: Unknown.

  4. Remarks: ex Alcalde Collection via Jacobson Collection. The holotype is in MCZ, and additional paratypes are in the collection of C. Aguayo (Aguayo, 1936: 170).

Palaeohelicina (Palaeohelicina) mayri Clench, 1958: 163, pl. 16, fig. 7

  1. Paratypes: AMNH 70783 (1 specimen), 79002 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: 2000 ft, Oolamboori (AMNH 70783), Auki (AMNH 79002), Malaita Island, Solomon Islands.

  3. Collector: W. Eyerdam (AMNH 70783); W. Mann, 1916 (AMNH 79002).

  4. Remarks: The holotype is MCZ 32610, and additional paratypes are MCZ 93006 (Clench, 1958: 163).

Palmadusta (Melicerona) microdon granum F. and M. Schilder, 1938b: 163

  1. Syntypes: AMNH 186641 (1 specimen), 186642 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: Liliope (AMNH 186641) and Ulamona (AMNH 186642), northeastern New Britain, Papua New Guinea, Pacific Ocean.

  3. Collector: Unknown.

  4. Remarks: ex Schilder Collection; ex Summers Collection. These specimens are probably from the type lot, but because of F. and M. Schilder's (1938b: 163) descriptive brevity and minimal data, it is not completely certain. The repository of additional syntypes in unknown. This taxon is a synonym of Pupuradusta microdon (Gray, 1828) (Lorenz and Hubert, 1993: 149).

Paludina elliotti Lea, 1858: 166

  1. Paralectotypes: AMNH 68550 (8 specimens).

  2. Locality: Oothkalooga Creek, Bartow County, Georgia, United States.

  3. Collector: B. Elliott, 1857.

  4. Remarks: ex Haines Collection. This taxon was figured by Lea (1867: pl. 24, fig. 115). The lectotype (USNM 106260) was designated and figured by Clench and Turner (1955: 14, pl. 3, fig. 2). Additional paralectotypes are in MCZ (Clench and Turner, 1955: 15). This taxon is a synonym of Lioplax cyclostomaformis (Lea, 1841) (Clench and Turner, 1955: 14).

Paradoxa confirmata Fernandes and Rolán, 1990a: 342–345, pl. 1, figs. 4–7

  1. Paratype: AMNH 225170 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: Praia Mutamba, São Tomé Island, São Tomé and Principe, Atlantic Ocean.

  3. Collector: E. Rolán, October 14, 1989.

  4. Remarks: ex Rolán Collection. The holotype is MNCN 15.05/1041, and additional paratypes are in BMNH, CZL, MIST, MNHN, and the collections of F. Fernandes and E. Rolán (Fernandes and Rolán, 1990a: 344). This taxon is the type of the genus Paradoxa Fernandes and Rolán, 1990, by original designation (Fernandes and Rolán, 1990a: 342).

Paradoxa thomensis Fernandes and Rolán, 1990a: 345–346, pl. 1, figs. 1–3

  1. Paratype: AMNH 225171 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: São Tomé Island, São Tomé and Principe, Atlantic Ocean.

  3. Collector: F. Fernandes.

  4. Remarks: ex Rolán Collection. The holotype is MNCN 15.05/1042, and additional paratypes are in BMNH, CZL, MIST, MNHN, and the collections of F. Fernandes and E. Rolán (Fernandes and Rolán, 1990a: 346).

Parviturbo insularis Rolán, 1988: 26–27, figs. 1–5

  1. Paratypes: AMNH 245392 (2 specimens).

  2. Locality: 8 m, Fuma, Brava Island, Cape Verde Islands, Portugal, Atlantic Ocean.

  3. Collector: E. Rolán.

  4. Remarks: ex Rolán Collection. The holotype is MNCN 11–91–1029, and additional paratypes are Rolán Collection 17.983 and in BMNH, CZL, MIST, MNCN, MNHN, and ZMA (Rolán, 1988: 26–27).

Patella caliculus Li, 1930: 265, pl. 6, fig. 41

  1. Syntypes: AMNH 269076 (1 specimen), 269095 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: Mouth of Rio Grande, in mud, 10–40 ft, 1 mi from mainland near La Boca, Panama Bay, Panama, Pacific Ocean [error for Mediterranean?].

  3. Collector: D. MacDonald, 1907.

  4. Remarks: ex Columbia University 22101. AMNH 269076 was the figured specimen (Li, 1930). The specific name was also incorrectly spelled “calcilus” by Li (1930: 292). The species was listed as P. calyculus by Pilsbry (1931: 431). This was an unjustified emendation later corrected by Pilsbry on an errata sheet tipped into some copies of his 1931 publication. Pilsbry (1931: 431) cited this taxon as a synonym of the European P. vulgata Linnaeus, 1758, without further elaboration as to his reasons. This synonymy should probably be reexamined and the types of P. caliculus compared with similar Panamic species.

Patella calix Li, 1930: 264–265, pl. 5, fig. 40

  1. Holotype: AMNH 269075.

  2. Locality: Mouth of Rio Grande, in mud, 10–40 ft, 1 mi from mainland near La Boca, Panama Bay, Panama, Pacific Ocean [error for Mediterranean?].

  3. Collector: D. MacDonald, 1907.

  4. Remarks: ex Columbia University 22100. AMNH 269075 is the holotype by monotypy. The species was listed as P. calyx by Pilsbry (1931: 431). This was an unjustified emendation later corrected by Pilsbry on an errata sheet tipped into some copies of his 1931 publication. Pilsbry (1931: 431) cited this taxon as a synonym of the European P. caerulea Linnaeus, 1758, without further elaboration as to his reasons. This synonymy should probably be reexamined and the types of P. calix compared with similar Panamic species.

Peringiella tuber Rolán, 1991a: 54–55, figs. 1, 2b

  1. Paratype: AMNH 255064 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: Bahia Teodora, Boavista Island, Cape Verde Islands, Portugal, Atlantic Ocean.

  3. Collector: E. Rolán.

  4. Remarks: ex Rolán Collection. The holotype is MNCN 15.5/1024, and additional paratypes are in CZL and the collections of F. Fernandes and E. Rolán (Rolán, 1991a: 54).

Perotrochus maureri Harasewych and Askew, 1993: 130–131, fig. 1–10

  1. Paratype: AMNH 264793 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: Dive 557, 198–213 m, 32°43′54″N, 78°06′00″W, 90 mi east of Charleston, Charleston Co., South Carolina, United States, Atlantic Ocean.

  3. Collector: R/V “Nekton Delta,” May 2, 1987.

  4. Remarks: The holotype is USNM 860320, and additional paratypes are deposited as cited by Harasewych and Askew (1993: 132–133).

Persicula aldridgei Usticke, 1969: 20, pl. 4, fig. 958

  1. Lectotype: AMNH 198497.

  2. Paralectotype: AMNH 194315 (1 specimen).

  3. Locality: Tortola Island (AMNH 198497), St. Barts Island (AMNH 194315).

  4. Collector: Unknown.

  5. Remarks: ex Usticke Collection #958. Although Usticke (1969: 20) gave only a single measurement for this taxon, he cited it as having been collected at three localities. We herein select the specimen figured by Usticke (1969: pl. 4, fig. 958) as lectotype in order to fix the identity of this poorly defined taxon. The repository of the additional paralectotype(s) is unknown. This taxon is placed in the genus Gibberula Swainson, 1817 (Faber, 1988: 70).

Persicula bandera Coan and Roth, 1965: 67–68, pl. 12, figs. 1–5

  1. Paratypes: AMNH 118201 (3 specimens).

  2. Locality: Banderas Bay, on the border between Nayarit and Jalisco, Mexico, Pacific Ocean.

  3. Collector: Mr. and Mrs. C. Willis, April 4, 1963.

  4. Remarks: The holotype is LACM 1141, and additional paratypes are ANSP 302122, CASIZ 12741–12743, LACM 1142, MCZ 258285, SBMNH 22035, SDNHM 49594, SU 6592, and USNM 637240 (Coan and Roth, 1965: 69).

Persicula rashafuni Bozzetti, 1993b: 12, fig. 1

  1. Paratype: AMNH 264685 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: Ras Hafun, Somalia, Indian Ocean.

  3. Collector: Unknown.

  4. Remarks: ex Bozzetti Collection (paratype #6). The holotype is in MNHN, and additional paratypes are in the collections of K. and M. Angioy, L. Bozzetti, and G. Raybaudi Massilia (Bozzetti, 1993b: 12).

Persicula testai Bozzetti, 1993b: 13–14, fig. 2

  1. Paratype: AMNH 264686 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: 150–200 m, Ras Hafun, Somalia, Indian Ocean.

  3. Collector: Unknown.

  4. Remarks: ex Bozzetti Collection. The holotype is in MNHN, and additional paratypes are in the collections of K. and M. Angioy and L. Bozzetti (Bozzetti, 1993b: 14).

Phalium (Semicassis) vector Abbott, 1994: 94–95, figs. 1–2

  1. Paratypes: AMNH 271802 (2 specimens).

  2. Locality: Saya de Malha Bank, Central Basin, Mascarene Ridge, Indian Ocean.

  3. Collector: R/V “Gordy,” 1989.

  4. Remarks: ex Dan Collection (paratypes #2, #3). The holotype is USNM 860326, and additional paratypes are in the collection of D. Dan (paratype #1) and the specimen illustrated by Bondarev and Röckel (1992: fig. 5; paratype #4) (Abbott, 1994: 94). This taxon is a synonym of Semicassis (S.) bondarevi Mühlhäusser and Parth, 1993 (Kreipl, 1997: 49).

Phasianella fordiana Pilsbry, 1888: 173, pl. 40, fig. 5

  1. Syntypes: AMNH 2950 (10 specimens).

  2. Locality: Singapore, Pacific Ocean.

  3. Collector: Surgeon General Archer.

  4. Remarks: ex Tomlin Collection. Additional syntypes are in ANSP, USNM, and the collection of J. Ford (Pilsbry, 1888: 174). This species is placed in the genus Tricolia Risso, 1826 (Wilson, 1993: 103).

Phenacovolva (Turbovula) greenbergae C. Cate, 1974: 382–383, fig. 3

  1. Paratypes: AMNH 204857 (4 specimens).

  2. Locality: 80 m, 22°44′N, 120°21′E, off Kaohsiung, southeastern Taiwan, Pacific Ocean.

  3. Collector: Unknown, 1971.

  4. Remarks: ex Cate Collection #4029, #4046. AMNH 204857 is composed of 3 of 4 specimens from Cate Collection #4029 and the specimen from #4046. The holotype is LACM 1556 (C. Cate, 1974: 383). The current repository of the additional paratype from Cate Collection #4029 is unknown.

Phenacovolva (Calcaria) wakayamaensis C. Cate and Azuma in C. Cate, 1973: 107, fig. 240

  1. Paratype: AMNH 204859 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: 37–55 m, 34°00′N, 134°48′E, 2–3 km off Minabe, Kii Peninsula, Japan, Pacific Ocean.

  3. Collector: Unknown.

  4. Remarks: ex Azuma Collection #14846; Cate Collection #3889. The holotype is Azuma Collection #14846 (C. Cate, 1973: 107).

Phenacolvolva (Turbovolva) kashiwajimensis C. Cate and Azuma in C. Cate, 1973: 104–105, fig. 235

  1. Paratype: AMNH 204953 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: 40–50 m, 203 km off Minabe, Kii, Japan, Pacific Ocean.

  3. Collector: Unknown.

  4. Remarks: ex Azuma Collection #15417B; Cate Collection #3906. The holotype is Azuma Collection #15420 (C. Cate, 1973: 105). Although the locality data for the AMNH specimen do not match the data given by C. Cate (1973: 105), the specimen does match the measurements given by C. Cate (1973: 105) for the sole paratype. It is likely that the locality data given by C. Cate (1973: 105) were only for the holotype.

Phenacovolva (Pellasimnia) weaveri pseudogracilis C. Cate and Azuma in C. Cate, 1973: 101, fig. 228

  1. Paratype: AMNH 204950 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: 30–40 m, 34°00′N, 134°48′E, off Tomida, Kii, Japan, Pacific Ocean.

  3. Collector: Unknown.

  4. Remarks: ex Cate Collection #3888. The holotype is in the Azuma Collection (C. Cate, 1973: 101). AMNH 204950 was cited by C. Cate (1973: 101) as the “hypotype”; it is also the only paratype. AMNH 204950 was also the specimen illustrated by C. Cate (1973: fig. 228); the holotype was not illustrated and was likely intended for the nonexistent “fig. 228c” listed by C. Cate (1973: 101).

Phyllonotus eversoni D'Attilio, Myers, and Shasky, 1987: 162–164, figs. 1–2

  1. Paratypes: AMNH 239332 (1 specimen), 239333 (1 specimen), 239334 (1 specimen), 239335 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: Chatham Bay, Cocos Island, Costa Rica, Pacific Ocean.

  3. Collector: D. von Kriegelstein, April 26, 1987.

  4. Remarks: ex von Kreigelstein Collection. The AMNH paratypes are #8 and #10–12 (D'Attilio et al., 1987: 164). The holotype is USNM 859933, and additional paratypes are SDNHM 91514 and in the collections of G. Everson, K. Kaiser, M. Montoya, D. Shasky, and D. von Kriegelstein (D'Attilio et al., 1987: 164).

Pila congoensis Pilsbry and Bequaert, 1927: 177–179, pl. 15, figs. 3–4

  1. Holotype: AMNH 72088.

  2. Paratypes: AMNH 72089 (1 specimen; lost), 72122 (1 specimen), 72123 (2 specimens), 72126 (9 specimens), 136858 (15 specimens).

  3. Locality: 00°30′N, 25°15′E, Stanleyville (= Kisangani) (AMNH 72088, 72089, 72126, 136858), 03°40′N, 27°50′E, Niangara (AMNH 72123), 01°20′N, 27°40′E, Avakubi (AMNH 72122), Belgian Congo (= Zaire = Democratic Republic of the Congo), Africa.

  4. Collector: H. Lang and J. Chapin, 1909–1915 (AMNH 72088, 72089, 72123, 72126, 136858), J. Bequaert (AMNH 72122).

  5. Remarks: Additional paratypes are MCZ 171486 (33 specimens ex AMNH 72126) and 171487 (3 specimens ex AMNH 72123). AMNH 72089 was recorded as lost in July 1945. The repository of the additional 13+ paratypes is unknown. AMNH 72124 (1 specimen) from “Bumba Lie” and AMNH 72125 (1 specimen) from “near Bumba” were labeled as specimens of this taxon but cannot be paratypes of P. congoensis because they were collected from localities other than those cited by Pilsbry and Bequaert (1927: 177). See below under P. congoensis amplior for further discussion of these specimens. This taxon is a synonym of P. ovata (Olivier, 1804) (Brown, 1980: 45).

Pila congoensis amplior Pilsbry and Bequaert, 1927: 179, pl. 15, figs. 1–2

  1. Holotype: AMNH 72087.

  2. Locality: 01°40′N, 19°10′E, Nouvelle Anvers, Belgian Congo (= Zaire = Democratic Republic of the Congo), Africa.

  3. Collector: H. Lang and J. Chapin, July 24, 1909.

  4. Remarks: The paratype from Bumba is MCZ 171488. The repository of the 2 paratypes from Medje is unknown. AMNH 72124 (1 specimen) from “Bumba Lie” and AMNH 72125 (1 specimen) from near Bumba may be the aformentioned paratypes from Medje with incorrect label information. However, both of these specimens are lost, and there is no way to verify their status by comparison with Pilsbry and Bequaert's (1927) measurements or illustrations. This taxon is a synonym of P. ovata (Olivier, 1804) (Brown, 1980: 45).

Pila microglypta Pilsbry and Bequaert, 1927: 176–177, pl. 15, figs. 5–6

  1. Holotype: AMNH 72086.

  2. Paratypes: AMNH 72127 (2 specimens).

  3. Locality: 00°30′N, 25°15′E, Stanleyville (= Kisangani), Belgian Congo (= Zaire = Democratic Republic of the Congo), Africa.

  4. Collector: H. Lang, 1909–1915.

  5. Remarks: Additional paratypes are MCZ 171484 (4 specimens ex AMNH 72127). The repository of the additional 14 paratypes is unknown. This taxon is a synonym of P. africana (Martens, 1886) (Brown, 1980: 46).

Pilsbryspira (Pilsbryspira) garciacubasi Shasky, 1971: 69–70, fig. 5

  1. Paratype: AMNH 164919 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: 2–15 m, 19°13′45″N, 104°44′53″W, Cuastecamate Cove, Jalisco, Mexico, Pacific Ocean.

  3. Collector: D. Shasky and J. McLean, Oct. 13–21, 1968.

  4. Remarks: The holotype is LACM 1571, and additional paratypes are LACM 1572 and in ANSP, CASIZ, SDNHM, USNM, and the collection of D. Shasky (Shasky, 1971: 70).

Pisania englerti Hertlein, 1960: 19–20, pl. 7, figs. 1–2

  1. Paratypes: AMNH 112961 (3 specimens), AMNH 154794 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: Easter Island, Chile, Pacific Ocean.

  3. Collector: S. Englert.

  4. Remarks: ex Summers Collection. The holotype is in CAS, and additional paratypes are in BPBM, CAS, SDSNH, and SU (Hertlein, 1960: 20). This taxon is a subspecies of Caducifer decapitata (Reeve, 1844) (Rehder, 1980: 81).

Poirieria (Panamurex) velero Vokes, 1970a: 47, text fig. 1

  1. Paratype: AMNH 163312 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: Sta. 13–39, 10–22 fathoms, 12°11′N, 72°11′W, 1–2 mi southwest of Cabo de Vela, Guarjira Peninsula, Colombia, Atlantic Ocean.

  3. Collector: R/V “Velero,” April 8, 1939.

  4. Remarks: The holotype is LACM-AHF 1406 (Vokes, 1970a: 47). The repository of the additional 10 paratypes is unknown.

Polinices (Polinices) hacketti Marincovich, 1975: 171, figs. 10–11

  1. Holotype: AMNH 163367.

  2. Paratypes: AMNH 117907 (1 specimen), 157265 (1 specimen).

  3. Locality: Conway Bay (AMNH 163367), 2–3 fathoms, Eden Island (AMNH 117907), 10–20 fathoms, Jervis Island (AMNH 157265), Galápagos Islands, Ecuador, Pacific Ocean.

  4. Collector: J. deRoy, Feb. 1969 (AMNH 163367), C. Angermeyer, 1964 (AMNH 117907), J. deRoy, May 1964 (AMNH 157265).

  5. Remarks: Additional paratypes are CASIZ 55394 and 55395 (Marincovich, 1975: 171).

Polinices rapulum limi Pilsbry, 1931: 436–437, text fig. 5

  1. Holotype: AMNH 269077.

  2. Paratype: AMNH 269078 (1 specimen).

  3. Locality: Mouth of Rio Grande, in mud, 10–40 ft, 1 mi from mainland near La Boca, Panama Bay, Panama, Pacific Ocean.

  4. Collector: D. MacDonald, 1907.

  5. Remarks: ex Columbia University 22108. This taxon has been elevated to full species (Keen, 1971: 478).

Polystira phillipsi Usticke, 1969: 26, pl. 5, fig. 1045

  1. Lectotype: AMNH 195454.

  2. Locality: Reuters Bay, Water Island, St. Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands, Atlantic Ocean.

  3. Collector: Unknown.

  4. Remarks: ex Usticke Collection #1045. Usticke (1971: 21) stated that this specimen was the holotype. Because Usticke (1969: 26) did not designate a holotype, Usticke's (1971) action constituted a lectotype designation. The repository of the paralectotypes is unknown; their existence is indicated by Usticke's (1969: 26) given size range for the taxon of 18–33 mm length. As pointed out by Faber (1988: 87), the spellings “philipsi” and “philippsi” (Usticke, 1971: 21, 32) are in error.

Potadoma alutacea Pilsbry and Bequaert, 1927: 278, pl. 26, figs. 3, 3a

  1. Holotype: AMNH 72072.

  2. Paratypes: AMNH 72072a (1 specimen), 72167 (2 specimens).

  3. Locality: 00°55′N, 25°05′E to 00°50′N, 28°00′E, Tshopo River, Stanleyville (= Kisangani), Belgian Congo (= Zaire = Democratic Republic of the Congo), Africa.

  4. Collector: H. Lang, March 1915.

  5. Remarks: Pilsbry and Bequaert (1927: 278) did not specify the number of specimens they examined. Additional paratypes are MCZ 41037 (19 specimens; 5 ex AMNH 72167). ANSP 132139a, cited incorrectly by Baker (1964: 179) as questionably the holotype, may also be a paratype.

Potadoma liricincta dryas Pilsbry and Bequaert, 1927: 282–283, pl. 26, figs. 11, 11a

  1. Holotype: AMNH 72080.

  2. Paratypes: AMNH 72083 (2 specimens).

  3. Locality: 00°30′N, 25°15′E, forest brook, Stanleyville (= Kisangani), Belgian Congo (= Zaire = Democratic Republic of the Congo), Africa.

  4. Collector: H. Lang and J. Chapin, 1909–1915.

  5. Remarks: Additional paratypes are MCZ 41041 (16 specimens ex AMNH 72083). The repository of the 1 additional paratype missing from AMNH 72083 is unknown.

Potadoma liricincta semperlirata Pilsbry and Bequaert, 1927: 282, pl. 26, figs. 10, 10a

  1. Holotype: AMNH 72079 (lost).

  2. Paratypes: AMNH 72084 (4 specimens), 72140 (7 specimens).

  3. Locality: 03°40′N, 29°40′E, Faradje, Belgian Congo (= Zaire = Democratic Republic of the Congo), Africa.

  4. Collector: H. Lang and J. Chapin, 1909–1915.

  5. Remarks: Pilsbry and Bequaert (1927: 282) cited “over one hundred specimens”; additional paratypes are MCZ 41047 (73 specimens, including some ex AMNH 72084, 72140). AMNH 72079 was recorded as lost in July 1945.

Potadoma medjeorum Pilsbry and Bequaert, 1927: 283–284, text figs. 47a–b, 49

  1. Holotype: AMNH 72081.

  2. Locality: 02°20′N, 27°30′E, on anklets worn by children of the Medje tribe, Medje, Belgian Congo (= Zaire = Democratic Republic of the Congo), Africa.

  3. Collector: H. Lang and J. Chapin, 1909–1915.

  4. Remarks: Pilsbry and Bequaert (1927: 283) cited only 2 specimens; the sole paratype is MCZ 41033. This taxon is a synonym of P. liricincta (Smith, 1888) (Brown, 1980: 101).

Potadoma mungwana Pilsbry and Bequaert, 1927: 287, pl. 25, fig. 4

  1. Holotype: AMNH 72071.

  2. Paratypes: AMNH 72143 (3 specimens).

  3. Locality: 00°55′N, 25°05′E to 00°50′N, 28°00′E, Tshopo River, Stanleyville (= Kisangani), Belgian Congo (= Zaire = Democratic Republic of the Congo), Africa.

  4. Collector: H. Lang, 1909–1915.

  5. Remarks: Pilsbry and Bequaert (1927: 287) did not specify the number of specimens they examined. Additional paratypes are MCZ 41039 (40 specimens; 35 ex AMNH 72143). This taxon is a synonym of P. ignobilis (Thiele, 1911) (Brown, 1980: 102).

Potadoma pokoensis Pilsbry and Bequaert, 1927: 279–280, pl. 26, figs. 12, 12a

  1. Holotype: AMNH 72073.

  2. Paratypes: AMNH 72171 (3 specimens).

  3. Locality: 03°10′N, 26°50′E, affluent of the Bomokandi River, Poko, Belgian Congo (= Zaire = Democratic Republic of the Congo), Africa.

  4. Collector: H. Lang, 1909–1915.

  5. Remarks: Additional paratypes are MCZ 41042 (16 specimens ex Schouteden). The repository of the additional 60 paratypes is unknown. This taxon is a synonym of P. liricincta (Smith, 1888) (Brown, 1980: 101).

Potadoma superba Pilsbry and Bequaert, 1927: 286–287, pl. 25, figs. 3–3e

  1. Holotype: AMNH 72074.

  2. Paratypes: AMNH 72082 (3 specimens), 72169 (1 specimen).

  3. Locality: 00°55′N, 25°05′E to 00°50′N, 28°00′E, Tshopo River, Stanleyville (= Kisangani), Belgian Congo (= Zaire = Democratic Republic of the Congo), Africa.

  4. Collector: H. Lang and J. Bequaert, March 1915.

  5. Remarks: Pilsbry and Bequaert (1927: 286) did not specify the number of specimens they examined. Additional paratypes are MCZ 41036 (5 specimens ex AMNH 72169). The repository of the additional paratype missing from AMNH 72169 is unknown. This taxon is a synonym of P. ponthiervillensis (Dupuis and Putzeys, 1900) (Brown, 1980: 103).

Potamides meta Li, 1930: 267–268, pl. 5, fig. 50

  1. Holotype: AMNH 269079.

  2. Locality: Mouth of Rio Grande, in mud, 10–40 ft, 1 mi from mainland near La Boca, Panama Bay, Panama, Pacific Ocean.

  3. Collector: D. MacDonald, 1907.

  4. Remarks: ex Columbia University 22110. AMNH 269079 is the holotype by monotypy. This taxon is a synonym Cerithidea valida (C. B. Adams, 1852) (Keen, 1971: 419).

Primovula (Adamantia) horai Cardin, 1994: 40–41, figs. 1–3

  1. Holotype: AMNH 226472.

  2. Locality: Panglao, Bohol Island, Philippines, Pacific Ocean.

  3. Collector: Q. Hora.

  4. Remarks: The paratypes are in the Cardin Collection and the “Of Sea and Shore” shell museum (Cardin, 1994: 40).

Primovula (Primovula) howlandae C. Cate, 1974: 381, fig. 1

  1. Paratypes: AMNH 204853 (3 specimens).

  2. Locality: 22°07′S, 149°32′E, Clairview, Mackay, Queensland, Australia, Pacific Ocean.

  3. Collector: J. Howland.

  4. Remarks: ex Cate Collection #4005, #4017, #4025. Both of the paratypes, formerly given separate catalog numbers (#4017, #4025) by C. Cate (1974: 381), were combined under Cate Collection #4005 and then deposited in AMNH. The holotype is AM C.92105 (C. Cate, 1974: 381).

Proterato (Sulcerato) geralia C. Cate, 1977: 348, fig. 13

  1. Paratype: AMNH 205282 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: 22°00′S, 114°15′E, Geralia, Exmouth Gulf, Western Australia, Australia, Pacific Ocean.

  3. Collector: M. Gelding and L. Figgis.

  4. Remarks: ex Cate Collection #3621b. The holotype is LACM 1763 (Cate, 1977: 348).

Prunum poulosi Lipe, 1996: 11–12, fig. 1

  1. Holotype: AMNH 226516.

  2. Locality: 30–40 fathoms, between Santa Marta and Cabo de la Vela, Peninsula de la Guajira, Colombia, Atlantic Ocean.

  3. Collector: “Fishing boats.”

  4. Remarks: The paratypes are USNM 880069 and in the collection of B. Lipe (Lipe, 1996: 12).

Psarostola bandata Usticke, 1969: 17, pl. 3, fig. 766

  1. Holotype: AMNH 195459.

  2. Locality: Christiansted Harbor, St. Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands, Atlantic Ocean.

  3. Collector: Unknown.

  4. Remarks: ex Usticke Collection #1103. AMNH 195459 is the holotype by monotypy. Usticke changed his number for this taxon from #766 to #1103 without explanation, and the generic placement from the buccinid genus to the turrid genus Monilispira Bartsch and Rehder, 1939 (Usticke, 1971: 13, pl. 4, fig. 1103).

Pseudocyclotus coultasi Clench, 1957: 1–2, figs. 1–2

  1. Holotype: AMNH 73485.

  2. Paratypes: AMNH 74056 (12 specimens).

  3. Locality: Tavi Village, Manus Island, Admiralty Islands, Papua New Guinea.

  4. Collector: W. Coultas, March 1934.

  5. Remarks: Additional paratypes are MCZ 188141 and in AM, ANSP, and DM (Clench, 1957: 2).

Pseudocyclotus incendium Clench, 1957: 2, fig. 3

  1. Holotype: AMNH 73486.

  2. Paratypes: AMNH 74055 (105 specimens).

  3. Locality: Rambutyo Island, Admiralty Islands, Papua New Guinea.

  4. Collector: W. Coultas, March 1934.

  5. Remarks: Additional paratypes are MCZ 188140 and in AM, ANSP, BPBM, and DM (Clench, 1957: 2).

Pseudoscilla verdensis Peñas and Rolán, 1999: 20–21, figs. 32–35

  1. Paratype: AMNH 294630 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: Sal Rei, Boa Vista, Cape Verde, Portugal, Atlantic Ocean.

  3. Collector: Unknown.

  4. Remarks: ex Rolán Collection. The holotype is MNCN 15.05/20548, and additional paratypes are in MNHN, USNM, and the collection of E. Rolán.

Pseudosimnia (Diminovula) nielseni C. Cate, 1976: 383–384, fig. 2

  1. Paratypes: AMNH 204855 (10 specimens).

  2. Locality: 23°10′S, 150°49′E, Keppel Bay, Queensland, Australia, Pacific Ocean.

  3. Collector: T. Nielsen.

  4. Remarks: ex Cate Collection #3628. The holotype is LACM 1707 (C. Cate, 1976: 384). The former subgenus Diminovula Iredale, 1930, has been raised to the generic level (Wilson, 1993: 200).

Pseudostomatella erythrocoma “var.” cycloradiata Usticke, 1959: 26, pl. 2, fig. 8

  1. Holotype: AMNH 195407.

  2. Locality: Ham Bay, St. Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands, Atlantic Ocean.

  3. Collector: Unknown.

  4. Remarks: ex Usticke Collection #112. Although Usticke (1959: 26) cited this taxon as a “var.,” he first listed it (1959: vi) as “Pseudo stomatella [sic] cycloradiata” under the heading “new species and subspecies.” We consider this taxon to have been subspecifically described and the holotype to be valid. The juvenile specimen figured by Usticke (1969: pl. 1, fig. 112; larger illustration) was considered “possibly a paratype” by Faber (1988: 78). However, because Usticke (1959: 26) gave only a single measurement for this taxon, we conclude that he had only the holotype before him at the time of description and that this additional juvenile specimen is not a type. This taxon was erroneously cited as “Pseudostomatella cycloradiata” in the figure caption.

Pteropurpura benderskyi Emerson and D'Attilio, 1979: 2, figs. 1–2, 19

  1. Holotype: AMNH 183819.

  2. Paratype: AMNH 206100 (1 specimen).

  3. Locality: 50 m (AMNH 183819), 80 m (AMNH 206100), off Luanda, Angola, Atlantic Ocean.

  4. Collector: F. Fernandez, July 15, 1977 (AMNH 183819); unknown (AMNH 206100).

  5. Remarks: ex Janowsky Collection (AMNH 206100). The additional paratype is SDNHM 72626 (Emerson and D'Attilio, 1979: 4).

Pterotyphis (Tripterotyphis) arcana DuShane, 1969: 344, pl. 54, figs. 4–6

  1. Paratypes: AMNH 222053 (2 specimens).

  2. Locality: 23°11′N, 106°26′W, Mazatlan, Sinaloa, Mexico, Pacific Ocean.

  3. Collector: H. DuShane, Feb. 24, 1968.

  4. Remarks: ex DuShane Collection. The holotype is LACM 1195 (DuShane, 1969: 344). This taxon was placed in the genus Tripterotyphis Pilsbry and Lowe, 1932 (Radwin and D'Attilio, 1976: 202).

Pterotyphis (Tripterotyphis) fayae Keen and Campbell, 1964: 54, pl. 11, figs. 39–40, 43–44; text figs. 1–2

  1. Paratypes: AMNH 114674 (1 specimen), 203856 (1 specimen), 221925 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: 19°17′N, 104°48′W, Barra de Navidad, Jalisco, Mexico, Pacific Ocean.

  3. Collector: F. Howard and G. Sphon, Jan. 7–11, 1962.

  4. Remarks: ex SBMNH (AMNH 114674), SBMNH via Cate Collection (AMNH 203856), SBMNH via DuShane Collection (AMNH 221925). The holotype is SBMNH 15999, and additional paratypes are SU 9726 and in SBMNH (Keen and Campbell, 1964: 54). This taxon was placed in the genus Tripterotyphis Pilsbry and Lowe, 1932 (Radwin and D'Attilio, 1976: 202).

Pterygia gilbertsoni J. Cate, 1968: 85–86, pl. 11, figs. 1a–d

  1. Paratype: AMNH 203843 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: 24 fathoms, 0.5 mi northeast of Eaglenest Island, Easter Group, Abrolhos Islands, Western Australia, Australia, Pacific Ocean.

  3. Collector: A. Gilbertson, July 1963.

  4. Remarks: ex Cate Collection #12379. The holotype is WAM 1129–67 (J. Cate, 1968: 86). This taxon is placed in the genus Mitra Lamarck, 1798 (Wilson, 1994: 145).

Pterynotus fulgens Houart, 1988: 190–191, figs. 4–6, 17

  1. Paratype: AMNH 226000 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: Sta. CP195, 465 m, 18°55′S, 163°22′E, New Caledonia, Pacific Ocean.

  3. Collector: MUSORSTOM 4, R/V “Vauban,” P. Bouchet and B. Richer, Sept. 19, 1985.

  4. Remarks: The holotype is in MNHN, and additional paratypes are AMS C155098, NMNZ MF56357, and in MNHN and the collection of R. Houart (Houart, 1988: 190).

Puperita vincta Usticke, 1969: 9, pl. 2, fig. 200

  1. Lectotype: AMNH 195410.

  2. Locality: West of the mouth of Fair Plain stream, St. Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands, Atlantic Ocean.

  3. Collector: Unknown.

  4. Remarks: ex Usticke Collection #200. Usticke (1971: 5) stated that this specimen was the holotype. Because Usticke (1969: 9) did not designate a holotype, Usticke's (1971) action constituted a lectotype designation. The repository of the paralectotypes is unknown; their existence is indicated by Usticke's (1969: 9) given size range for the taxon of 7–9 mm length.

Purpuradusta raysummersi F. Schilder, 1960: 190–192, pl. 15, fig. 5

  1. Paratypes: AMNH 85052 (1 specimen), 91880 (1 specimen), 112966 (1 specimen), 186636 (1 specimen), 186637 (1 specimen), 186638 (1 specimen), 204308 (1 specimen), 213444 (1 specimen), 213445 (1 specimen), 213472 (1 specimen), 213473 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: Punungan Island (AMNH 112966, 186636, 186637, 204308, 213444), Laminusa (AMNH 186638, 213445, 213472, 213473), Siasi (AMNH 85052, 91880), Sulu Sea, Philippines, Pacific Ocean.

  3. Collector: Unknown (AMNH 85052, 91880), 1959 (AMNH 112966, 186636, 186637, 204308, 213445, 213472), 1960 (AMNH 186638, 213444, 213473).

  4. Remarks: ex Burgess Collection #12–42 (AMNH 85052), no number (AMNH 91880); Summers Collection (AMNH 112966, 186636–186638, 213444, 213445, 213472, 213473); Cate Collection #1462 (AMNH 204308). The holotype was Schilder Collection #11354 (current repository unknown), and 4 additional paratypes were Schilder Collection #10859, #11352, #11353, and #11355 (current repository unknown) (F. Schilder, 1960: 190). The current repository of the additional 22 paratypes is unknown. This taxon is a subspecies of P. hammondae (Iredale, 1939) (Lorenz and Hubert, 1993: 148).

Pusia anabelae Fernandes, 1992: 17–19, fig. 1

  1. Holotype: AMNH 259072.

  2. Locality: Bahia das Gatas, Bahia de Boavista, Cape Verde Islands, Portugal, Atlantic Ocean.

  3. Collector: F. Fernandes.

  4. Remarks: Paratypes are in BMNH, MHNG, MNCN, MNHN, Museu Nacional de História Natural Universidade de Lisboa (Lisbon, Portugal), and the collections of I. Félix-Alves, F. Fernandes, J. Messias, J. Otero-Schmitt, E. Rolán, and P. Ryall (Fernandes, 1992: 18).

Pustularia jandeprezi Poppe and Martin, 1997: 81–88, figs. 1–5

  1. Paratype: AMNH 288175 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: South of Borongan, Samar, Philippines, Pacific Ocean.

  3. Collector: Unknown, 1992.

  4. Remarks: The holotype is in MNHN, and additional paratypes are in KBIN and the collections of J. Deprez, P. Martin, and G. Poppe (Poppe and Martin, 1997: 81).

Pusula (Dolichupis) akroterion C. Cate, 1979: 108, fig. 80

  1. Paratype: AMNH 204635 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: 12°10′N, 120°13′E, Coron, Palawan Island, Philippines, Pacific Ocean.

  3. Collector: F. Steiner, 1971.

  4. Remarks: ex Cate Collection #4298. The holotype is LACM 1837 (C. Cate, 1979: 108).

Pusula (Pusula) carabus C. Cate, 1979: 100–101, fig. 99

  1. Paratype: AMNH 205283 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: 03°00′S, 80°30′W, Gulf of Guayaquil, Ecuador, Pacific Ocean.

  3. Collector: M. Schick, 1957.

  4. Remarks: ex Cate Collection #4328b. The holotype is LACM 1838 (C. Cate, 1979: 101).

Pygmaepterys bellini D'Attilio and Myers, 1985a: 9–10, figs. 1–4, 9, 12

  1. Paratype: AMNH 213704 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: 52 m, Okinawa, Ryukyu Islands, Japan, Pacific Ocean.

  3. Collector: P. Bellin.

  4. Remarks: The holotype is SDNHM 83065, and additional paratypes are SDNHM 83066a–b, 83067a–b (D'Attilio and Myers, 1985a: 10). This taxon is placed in the genus Favartia Jousseaume, 1880, and the subgenus Pygmaepterys Vokes, 1978 (Houart, 1994: 34).

Pyramidelloides glaber Faber, 1990a: 106, figs. 1–3

  1. Paratype: AMNH 232173 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: 25 m, Cap Solomon, Martinique, Atlantic Ocean.

  3. Collector: P. Bou, 1984.

  4. Remarks: The holotype is ZMA 389024, and additional paratypes are ZMA 389025 and in SMNH (Faber, 1990a: 106).

Pyramidelloides multicostatus Faber, 1990a: 108, figs. 5–6

  1. Paratype: AMNH 232174 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: Owen Island, Little Cayman, Cayman Islands, Atlantic Ocean.

  3. Collector: P. Hummelinck, June 7, 1973.

  4. Remarks: The holotype is ZMA 389026, and additional paratypes are MCZ 302419, ZMA 389027, and in MNHN, RMNH, SMNH, and ZMUC (Faber, 1990a: 108).

Pyrene aureola Howard, 1963a: 2–4, figs. 1–3

  1. Paratypes: AMNH 106071 (2 specimens), 203857 (2 specimens), 221886 (2 specimens).

  2. Locality: Norse Beach, Punta Peñasco, Sonora, Mexico, Pacific Ocean.

  3. Collector: F. Howard, Feb. 1957.

  4. Remarks: ex Howard collection via SBMNH (AMNH 106071), via Cate Collection (AMNH 203857), via DuShane Collection (AMNH 221886). The holotype is SBMNH 10876, and additional paratypes are SBMNH 10877 and in “a goodly number of the large repositories about the country” (Howard, 1963a: 4), including MCZ 238053. The specific name is preoccupied by Columbella aureola Duclos, 1846, and was replaced by Pyrene aureomexicana Howard, 1963 (Howard, 1963b: 1). This taxon is placed in the genus Columbella Lamarck, 1799 (Keen, 1971: 573).

Pyrene (Conella) ledaluciae Rios and Tostes, 1981: 178–179, fig. 1–3

  1. Paratype: AMNH 183263 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: 80 m, Maricá, Estado de Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, Atlantic Ocean.

  3. Collector: D. Pinte, Sept. 1978.

  4. Remarks: ex E. Rios. The holotype is RGOM 20518, and additional paratypes are MNRJ 3900 and in the collection of L. Tostes (Rios and Tostes, 1981: 179). The former subgenus Conella Swainson, 1840, has been raised to the genus level (Rios, 1994: 126).

Pyrene (Columbella) nodulosa Usticke, 1959: 66, pl. 2, fig. 20

  1. Holotype: AMNH 195430.

  2. Locality: Ham Bay, St. Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands, Atlantic Ocean.

  3. Collector: Unknown.

  4. Remarks: ex Usticke Collection #721. The repository of the second (paratype) shell mentioned by Usticke (1959: 66) is unknown. This taxon is a synonym of Euplica varians (Sowerby, 1932), an Indo-Pacific species that does not occur in the Caribbean (de Maintenon, personal commun.; new synonymy).

Pyrgocithara angulosa McLean and Poorman, 1971: 109–110, fig. 47

  1. Paratype: AMNH 164607 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: 27°50′N, 110°33′W, about 25 miles south of Guaymas, Bahía Guasimas, Sonora, Mexico, Pacific Ocean.

  3. Collector: L. T. Rindley and P. Orringer, April 10, 1968.

  4. Remarks: The holotype is LACM 1539, and additional paratypes are LACM 1540 and in ANSP, CASIZ, SDNHM, and USNM (McLean and Poorman, 1971: 110).

Pyrgocithara emersoni Shasky, 1971: 72, fig. 10

  1. Paratypes: AMNH 167031 (1 specimen), 222021 (7 specimens).

  2. Locality: 16–22 m, 30°42′N, 114°41′W, Agua de Chale, Baja California Norte, Mexico, Pacific Ocean.

  3. Collector: H. DuShane, May 1962 and May 1966.

  4. Remarks: ex DuShane Collection (AMNH 222021). The holotype is LACM 1579, and additional paratypes are LACM 1580 and in CASIZ and the collection of D. Shasky (Shasky, 1971: 72).

Pyrgocithara urceolata Rolán and Otero-Schmitt, 1999: 22, figs. 79–82

  1. Paratype: AMNH 297645 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: 10 m, Palmeirinhas, Angola, Atlantic Ocean.

  3. Collector: Unknown.

  4. Remarks: The holotype is MNCN 15.05/6955, and additional paratypes are in IRSNB, MNHN, USNM, ZSM, and the collections of J. Otero-Schmitt, E. Rolán, and P. Ryall (Rolán and Otero-Schmitt, 1999: 22). The genus was incorrectly spelled “Pyrgocythara” by Rolán and Otero-Schmitt (1999: 22).

Pyrgulopsis ozarkensis Hinkley, 1915: 588, pl. 78, fig. 2

  1. Paratypes: AMNH 2646 (13 specimens).

  2. Locality: Shallow water, north fork of White River, 2–3 mi above Norfolk, Baxter Co., Arkansas, United States.

  3. Collector: A. Hinkley, Aug. 14, 1914.

  4. Remarks: ex Hinkley Collection. The holotype is USNM 271765 (Hinkley, 1915: 588).

Raphitoma bemardoi Rolán, Otero-Schmitt, and Fernandes, 1998: 109, figs. 29–31

  1. Paratype: AMNH uncataloged (1 specimen; lost).

  2. Locality: Corimba, Luanda, Angola, Atlantic Ocean.

  3. Collector: Unknown.

  4. Remarks: ex Rolán Collection. The holotype is in MNHN, and additional paratypes are MNCN 15.05/20544 and in BMNH, MNHN, and the collections of J. Otero-Schmitt and E. Rolán (Rolán et al., 1998: 109). This specimen was sent to AMNH for deposition (Rolán, personal commun.) but cannot now be located in the AMNH collection.

Raphitoma christfriedi Rolán, Otero-Schmitt, and Fernandes, 1998: 104–105, figs. 16–18

  1. Paratype: AMNH 294222 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: Palmeirinhas, Angola, Atlantic Ocean.

  3. Collector: C. Schoenherr.

  4. Remarks: ex Rolán Collection. The holotype is in MNHN, and additional paratypes are MNCN 15.05/20542 and in BMNH, MNHN, and the collections of J. Otero-Schmitt, E. Rolán, and P. Ryall (Rolán et al., 1998: 104).

Raphitoma corimbensis Rolán, Otero-Schmitt, and Fernandes, 1998: 109–110, figs. 32–34

  1. Paratype: AMNH 294223 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: 20 m, Corimba, Luanda, Angola, Atlantic Ocean.

  3. Collector: Unknown.

  4. Remarks: ex Rolán Collection. The holotype is MNCN 15.05/20546, and additional paratypes are in BMNH, MNHN, ZMC, and the collections of J. Otero-Schmitt and E. Rolán (Rolán et al., 1998: 109).

Raphitoma kabuli Rolán, Otero-Schmitt, and Fernandes, 1998: 105–108, figs. 22–24

  1. Paratypes: AMNH 294297 (2 specimens)

  2. Locality: Corimba, Luanda, Angola, Atlantic Ocean.

  3. Collector: N. Casimiro.

  4. Remarks: ex Rolán Collection. The holotype is MNCN 15.05/20543, and additional paratypes are in BMNH, IRSNB, MNHN, ZMC, and the collections of J. Otero-Schmitt and E. Rolán (Rolán et al., 1998: 105).

Raphitoma zelotypa Rolán, Otero-Schmitt, and Fernandes, 1998: 102–104, figs. 13–15

  1. Paratype: AMNH 294298 (1 specimen)

  2. Locality: 20–30 m, Palmeirinhas, Angola, Atlantic Ocean.

  3. Collector: Unknown.

  4. Remarks: ex Rolán Collection. The holotype is MNCN 15.05/20541, and additional paratypes are in MNHN and the collections of J. Otero-Schmitt and E. Rolán (Rolán et al., 1998: 102).

Rhynchopelta concentrica McLean, 1989: 58, figs. 32–40

  1. Paratypes: AMNH 232298 (4 specimens, alcohol), 232299 (2 specimens, alcohol).

  2. Locality: Dive 1214, 2633 m, 20°50′N, 109°06′W (AMNH 232298), Sta. 84–42, 2630–2635 m, 12°48.6′N, 103°56.7′W (AMNH 232299), East Pacific Rise, Pacific Ocean.

  3. Collector: R/V “Alvin,” April 20, 1982 (AMNH 232298), R/V “Cyana,” March 24, 1984 (AMNH 232299).

  4. Remarks: ex LACM 2319 (AMNH 232298) and LACM 2320 (AMNH 232299). The holotype is LACM 2318, and additional paratypes are LACM 2319, LACM 2320, USNM 859945–849949, and in MNHN (McLean, 1989: 58). This taxon is the type of the genus Rhynchopelta McLean, 1989, by monotypy (McLean, 1989: 57).

Rhytidothyra jacobsoni Alcalde, 1946: 4

  1. Paratypes: AMNH 89921 (1 specimen), 276259 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: Hoyo de la Guataca, Pinar del Río, Luis Lazo, Sabanas Llancas, Cuba.

  3. Collector: M. Jacobson and O. Alcalde.

  4. Remarks: ex Jacobson Collection (AMNH 89921) and MCZ (AMNH 276259). The holotype is in the collection of O. Alcalde (Alcalde, 1948: 4).

Ringicula cruzensis Usticke, 1969: 30, pl. 6, fig. 1247

  1. Syntypes: AMNH 190715 (34 specimens).

  2. Locality: Secret Harbor, St. Johns, Antigua, Antigua and Barbuda, Atlantic Ocean.

  3. Collector: Unknown.

  4. Remarks: ex Usticke Collection. Because Usticke's (1969: pl. 6, fig. 1247) figure is a poor pencil drawing and no specimen is segregated or identifiable with it in the AMNH collection, a lectotype designation is not advisable. We have chosen to deal with this taxon in this catalog, rather than with the opisthobranchs (Boyko and Sage, 1996), because it is not an opisthobranch but rather is based on veliger shells of Coralliophila caribaea Abbott, 1958 (Faber, 1988: 77).

Rissoa cruzensis Usticke, 1969: 10, pl. 2, fig. 258

  1. Holotype: AMNH 195412.

  2. Locality: Altona Bay, St. Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands, Atlantic Ocean.

  3. Collector: Unknown.

  4. Remarks: ex Usticke Collection #258. AMNH 195412 is the holotype by monotypy and was later illustrated with a photograph instead of the original pencil drawing by Usticke (1971: pl. 1, fig. 258). This taxon is actually a synonym of a species in the Cymatium pilare complex and is based on the calcareous mold of a veliger (Faber, 1988: 77–78).

Rissoa (Horea) ponsonbyi Smith, 1889: 175

  1. Syntypes: AMNH 56098 (2 specimens).

  2. Locality: Lake Tanganyika, Kenya.

  3. Collector: E. Hore.

  4. Remarks: ex unknown collection. This taxon is the type of the subgenus Horea Smith, 1889, by monotypy (Smith, 1889: 175), and was figured by Pilsbry and Bequaert (1927: 336, fig. 70). Horea Smith is a homonym of Horea Bourguignat, 1888 (see Pilsbry and Bequaert, 1927: 336). This taxon is placed in the genus Bridouxia Bourguignat, 1885 (Brown, 1980: 119).

Rissoella galba Robertson, 1961: 135, pl. 9, fig. 1

  1. Paratype: AMNH 84892 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: ex Bostrychia sp. algae, on mangrove roots, Tokas Cay, Bimini, Bahamas, Atlantic Ocean.

  3. Collector: R. Robertson.

  4. Remarks: The holotype is MCZ 221105, and additional paratypes are ANSP 252671, MCZ 221106, and USNM 613497 (Robertson, 1961: 135–136).

Rissoina dyscrita Faber, 1990b: 119, figs. 4–5

  1. Paratype: AMNH 232175 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: Barker's Peninsula, Grand Cayman Island, Cayman Islands, Atlantic Ocean.

  3. Collector: P. Hummelinck, June 10, 1973.

  4. Remarks: The holotype is ZMA 389022, and additional paratypes are MCZ 302420, ZMA 389023, and in BMNH and KBIN (Faber, 1990b: 119).

Rissoina onobiformis Rolán and Luque, 2000: 26–28, figs. 10–14, 158

  1. Paratype: AMNH 301254 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: 30 m, Furna Bay, Brava Island, Cape Verde Islands, Portugal, Atlantic Ocean.

  3. Collector: Unknown.

  4. Remarks: ex Rolán Collection. The holotype is MNCN 15.05/31713, and additional paratypes are NNM 58020, 59417, and in DBUA, MNHN, and the collection of E. Rolán.

Ruthia mazatlanica Shasky, 1970: 192, fig. 7

  1. Paratype: AMNH 179306 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: East side of Chivos Island, Mazatlan, Sinaloa, Mexico, Pacific Ocean.

  3. Collector: R., M., and D. Shasky, Dec. 26, 1962, or Dec. 19, 1964.

  4. Remarks: ex Shasky Collection. The holotype is USNM 567103, and additional paratypes are USNM 567008, 679563, and in ANSP, CASIZ, LACM, SDNHM, SU, USNM, and the collection of D. Shasky (Shasky, 1970: 193). This taxon is the type of the genus Ruthia Shasky, 1970, by original designation (Shasky, 1970: 191).

Sayella micalii Peñas and Rolán, 1997a: 35–40, figs. 1–5

  1. Paratype: AMNH 294296 (1 specimen), 295745 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: 10 m, Regona, Sal Island, Cape Verde Islands, Portugal, Atlantic Ocean.

  3. Collector: A. Peñas and E. Rolán, 1987–1988.

  4. Remarks: ex Rolán Collection. The holotype is MNCN 15.05/23757, and additional paratypes are in BMNH, MNHN, and the collections of P. Micali and E. Rolán (Peñas and Rolán, 1997a: 36). This taxon is a synonym of Pyramidella dolabrata Linnaeus, 1758 (Peñas and Rolán, 2000: 9).

Scaevatula amancioi Rolán and Fernandes, 1992: 136–138, figs. 1–2, 10–11

  1. Paratype: AMNH 264675 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: 5–8 m, Esprainha, São Tomé Island, São Tomé and Principe, Atlantic Ocean.

  3. Collector: Unknown.

  4. Remarks: ex Rolán Collection. The holotype is MNCN 15.05/2678, and additional paratypes are in BMNH, IRSNB, MNHN, NMSA, ZMUC, and the collections of F. Fernandes and E. Rolán (Rolán and Fernandes, 1992: 136).

Scalina billeeana DuShane and Bratcher, 1965: 160–161, pl. 24, figs. 1–3

  1. Paratypes: AMNH 128727 (1 specimen), 220847 (2 specimens and host coral, Tubastrea tenuilamellosa (H. Milne Edwards and Haime, 1848)), 275618 (2 specimens and host coral, T. tenuilamellosa).

  2. Locality: 8–10 ft, 24°09′N, 109°55′W, southwest end of Cerralvo Island, Baja California Sur, Gulf of California, Mexico, Pacific Ocean.

  3. Collector: B. Dilworth, N. Currin, and T. Bratcher, April 1965.

  4. Remarks: ex N. Currin via A. Barlow Collection (AMNH 220847), ex DuShane Collection (AMNH 275618). The holotype is CAS 12729, and additional paratypes are SBMNH 22208 and in BMNH, LACM, SU, USNM, and the collections of T. Bratcher and B. Dilworth (DuShane and Bratcher, 1965: 161). This taxon is placed in the genus Epitonium Röding, 1798, and the subgenus Limiscala de Boury, 1909, as E. (L.) billeeanum (Weil et al., 1999: 152).

Scalptia mercadoi Old, 1968: 286–287, pl. 43, figs. 1–3, text figs. 1–2

  1. Holotype: AMNH 138276.

  2. Paratype: AMNH 142607 (1 specimen).

  3. Locality: 175 fathoms, off Gasan, Marinduque Island (AMNH 138276), 120 fathoms, Tabayas Bay, Luzon (AMNH 142607), Philippines, Pacific Ocean.

  4. Collector: M. Mercado, Nov. 2, 1965 (AMNH 138276); unknown, 1966 (AMNH 142607).

  5. Remarks: ex V. Dan Collection (AMNH 142607). The additional paratype (“A”) was in the collection of C. N. and J. Cate (#CA107) (Old, 1968: 287; current repository unknown).

Scaphella contoyensis Emerson and Old, 1979: 12–14, figs. 1–7

  1. Holotype: AMNH 187180.

  2. Paratype: AMNH 182250 (1 specimen; shell), 182250a (1 specimen; animal in alcohol), 187189 (1 specimen; animal only in alcohol), 187189a (radula slide).

  3. Locality: 87 fathoms, northeast of Contoy Light (AMNH 187180), 100 fathoms, off Punta Francisca (AMNH 182250), Yucatan, Mexico, Atlantic Ocean.

  4. Collector: D. and R. Black, Sept. 1973 (AMNH 187180); T. McGinn, March 1972 (AMNH 182250).

  5. Remarks: The additional paratype shell is in the collection of G. Everson (Emerson and Old, 1979: 12); the animal from that specimen is AMNH 187189 and AMNH 187189a. None of the other specimens cited by Emerson and Old (1979: 11–12), including AMNH 187190, are part of the type series.

Scaphella junonia butleri Clench, 1953b: 377, pl. 186, fig. 3

  1. Paratypes: AMNH 74007 (1 specimen), 210372 (2 specimens), 210373 (1 specimen), 210374 (2 specimens).

  2. Locality: 10–20 fathoms, northwest of Campeche (AMNH 74007, 210374), 12 fathoms, east-northeast of Champoton, Bahia de Campeche (AMNH 210372), southwest of Campeche (AMNH 210373), Mexico, Atlantic Ocean.

  3. Collector: C. Branch, Feb. 1953 (AMNH 210374), March 1953 (AMNH 74007), 1953 (AMNH 210373); J. Butler, Sept. 1951 (AMNH 210372)

  4. Remarks: ex Branch Collection (AMNH 74007), Butler Collection via K. and H. Johnstone Collection (AMNH 210372), Branch Collection via K. and H. Johnstone Collection (AMH 210373–210374). The holotype is MCZ 193591, and additional paratypes are MCZ 188976, 193883, 196042, 197777, and in USNM and the collections of C. Branch, J. Butler, and A. Merrill (Clench, 1953b: 377). This taxon is a synonym of S. junonia (Lamarck, 1804) (Poppe and Goto, 1992: 148).

Scaphella junonia johnstoneae Clench, 1953b: 376–377, pl. 186, fig. 1

  1. Paratypes: AMNH 210375 (4 specimens), 210376 (1 specimen), 210377 (3 specimens), 210378 (3 specimens), 210379 (1 specimen), 210380 (1 specimen), 210381 (1 specimen), 210382 (1 specimen), 210383 (1 specimen), 210384 (5 specimens), 210385 (14 specimens).

  2. Locality: off Louisiana coast (AMNH 210375), 10 fathoms, off Petit Bois Island (AMNH 210376, 210385), 40 mi off Southport (AMNH 210377), 20 mi off Bayou la Batre (AMNH 210378), 27–30 fathoms, 45 mi off Bayou la Batre (AMNH 210379), 10 fathoms, off coast (AMNH 210380, 210381), off Mobile Bay (AMNH 210383), Alabama, 20 mi off coast (AMNH 210382), 10 fathoms, off coast (AMNH 210384), Alabama/Mississippi state line, United States, Atlantic Ocean.

  3. Collector: Serra, June 4, 1951 (AMNH 210375), June 22, 1951 (AMNH 210380), July 14, 1951 (AMNH 210376, 210385), July 28, 1951 (AMNH 210384); Vickery, Aug. 1950 (AMNH 210377); Collier, Aug. 1950 (AMNH 210378); Foster, June 1, 1951 (AMNH 210379), June 22, 1951 (AMNH 210381); Sprinkle, July 9, 1951 (AMNH 210382); Roberts, 1950 (AMNH 210383).

  4. Remarks: ex Johnstone Collection (AMNH 210375–210385). The holotype is MCZ 194190, and additional paratypes are MCZ 189429, 189540–189542, 194185, and in USNM and the collection of K. and H. Johnstone (Clench, 1953b: 377). This taxon is a synonym of S. junonia (Lamarck, 1804) (Poppe and Goto, 1992: 148).

Scaphella macginnorum García and Emerson, 1987: 1–2, figs. 1–6

  1. Holotype: AMNH 217425 (never deposited).

  2. Locality: 200–365 m, northwest of Contoy Light, Yucatan, Mexico, Atlantic Ocean.

  3. Collector: T. McGinn, 1972.

  4. Remarks: The paratype is in the collection of B. McGinn (García and Emerson, 1987: 2), as is the holotype, which was never deposited in AMNH as promised by McGinn (Emerson, personal commun.).

Schwartziella angularis Rolán and Luque, 2000: 42–44, figs. 46–50, 159

  1. Paratype: AMNH 301255 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: 4 m, Rabo de Junco, Sal Island, Cape Verde Islands, Portugal, Atlantic Ocean.

  3. Collector: Unknown.

  4. Remarks: ex Rolán Collection. The holotype is MNCN 15.05/31701, and additional paratypes are NNM 58000 and in DBUA, MNHN, and the collection of E. Rolán.

Schwartziella depressa Rolán and Luque, 2000: 50–52, figs. 66–70, 164

  1. Paratype: AMNH 301256 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: 4 m, Mordeira Bay, Sal Island, Cape Verde Islands, Portugal, Atlantic Ocean.

  3. Collector: Unknown.

  4. Remarks: ex Rolán Collection. The holotype is MNCN 15.05/31704, and additional paratypes are NNM 58003 and in DBUA, MNHN, and the collection of E. Rolán.

Schwartziella fulgida Rolán and Luque, 2000: 48–50, figs. 61–65, 165

  1. Paratype: AMNH 301257 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: 30 m, Furna Bay, Brava Island, Cape Verde Islands, Portugal, Atlantic Ocean.

  3. Collector: Unknown.

  4. Remarks: ex Rolán Collection. The holotype is MNCN 15.05/31706, and additional paratypes are NNM 58007 and in DBUA, MNHN, and the collection of E. Rolán.

Schwartziella inscripta Rolán and Luque, 2000: 76, figs. 121–125, 174

  1. Paratype: AMNH 301258 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: Pau Seco, Mei, Cape Verde Islands, Portugal, Atlantic Ocean.

  3. Collector: Unknown.

  4. Remarks: ex Rolán Collection. The holotype is MNCN 15.05/31710, and additional paratypes are NNM 58013 and in MNHN and the collection of E. Rolán.

Schwartziella luisi Rolán and Luque, 2000: 44–46, figs. 51–55, 153–155, 159

  1. Paratype: AMNH 301259 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: 2–4 m, Derrubado, Boa Vista Island, Cape Verde Islands, Portugal, Atlantic Ocean.

  3. Collector: Unknown.

  4. Remarks: ex Rolán Collection. The holotype is MNCN 15.05/31722, and additional paratypes are NNM 58032 and in DBUA, MNHN, and the collection of E. Rolán.

Schwartziella minima Rolán and Luque, 2000: 46–48, figs. 56–60, 139, 159

  1. Paratype: AMNH 301266 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: 2–4 m, Regona, Sal Island, Cape Verde Islands, Portugal, Atlantic Ocean.

  3. Collector: Unknown.

  4. Remarks: ex Rolán Collection. The holotype is MNCN 15.05/31711, and additional paratypes are NNM 58018 and in DBUA, MNHN, and the collection of E. Rolán.

Schwartziella obesa Rolán and Luque, 2000: 32–34, figs. 20–24, 160

  1. Paratype: AMNH 301260 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: Furna Bay, Brava Island, Cape Verde Islands, Portugal, Atlantic Ocean.

  3. Collector: Unknown.

  4. Remarks: ex Rolán Collection. The holotype is MNCN 15.05/31712 and additional paratypes are NNM 58019 and in DBUA, MNHN, and the collection of E. Rolán.

Schwartziella rarilineata Rolán and Luque, 2000: 74–76, figs. 116–120, 173

  1. Paratype: AMNH 301261 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: 4 m, Sal Rei, Boa Vista Island, Cape Verde Islands, Portugal, Atlantic Ocean.

  3. Collector: Unknown.

  4. Remarks: ex Rolán Collection. The holotype is MNCN 15.05/31716, and additional paratypes are NNM 58025, 59428, and in DBUA, MNHN, and the collection of E. Rolán.

Schwartziella robusta Rolán and Luque, 2000: 28–32, figs. 15–19, 144, 148, 159

  1. Paratype: AMNH 301262 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: 4 m, Rabo do Junco, Sal Island, Cape Verde Islands, Portugal, Atlantic Ocean.

  3. Collector: Unknown.

  4. Remarks: ex Rolán Collection. The holotype is MNCN 15.05/31718, and additional paratypes are NNM 58028 and in DBUA, MNHN, and the collection of E. Rolán.

Schwartziella sanmartini Rolán and Luque, 2000: 36–38, figs. 30–34, 146, 149–151, 156, 162

  1. Paratype: AMNH 301263 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: 4 m, Mordeira Bay, Sal Island, Cape Verde Islands, Portugal, Atlantic Ocean.

  3. Collector: Unknown.

  4. Remarks: ex Rolán Collection. The holotype is MNCN 15.05/31719, and additional paratypes are NNM 58029 and in DBUA, MNHN, and the collection of E. Rolán.

Schwartziella similiter Rolán and Luque, 2000: 38–40, figs. 35–40, 147, 152, 163

  1. Paratypes: AMNH 301264 (2 specimens).

  2. Locality: 8–20 m, Furna Bay, Brava Island, Cape Verde Islands, Portugal, Atlantic Ocean.

  3. Collector: Unknown.

  4. Remarks: ex Rolán Collection. The holotype is MNCN 15.05/31721, and additional paratypes are NNM 58031 and in DBUA, MNHN, and the collection of E. Rolán.

Schwartziella typica Rolán and Luque, 2000: 40–42, figs. 41–45, 142, 143, 145, 164

  1. Paratype: AMNH 301265 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: Monte Leste, Sal Island, Cape Verde Islands, Portugal, Atlantic Ocean.

  3. Collector: Unknown.

  4. Remarks: ex Rolán Collection. The holotype is MNCN 15.05/31705, and additional paratypes are NNM 58006 and in DBUA, MNHN, and the collection of E. Rolán.

Seila angolensis Rolán and Fernandes, 1990b: 23–25, figs. 3–4, 11, 13–14, 21

  1. Paratype: AMNH 232171 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: 20 m, Corimba Bay, Luanda, Angola, Atlantic Ocean.

  3. Collector: E. Rolán.

  4. Remarks: ex Rolán Collection. The holotype is MCNM 15.05/1068, and additional paratypes are in BMNH, CZL, MCNM, MIST, MNHN, and the collections of F. Fernandes and E. Rolán (Rolán and Fernandes, 1990b: 24).

Seila carquejai Rolán and Fernandes, 1990b: 29–30, figs. 7, 15

  1. Paratype: AMNH 232170 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: Baia das Pipas, Angola, Atlantic Ocean.

  3. Collector: F. Fernandes.

  4. Remarks: ex Rolán Collection. The holotype is MCNM 15.05/1072, and additional paratypes are in BMNH, CZL, MNHN, and the collections of F. Fernandes and E. Rolán (Rolán and Fernandes, 1990b: 30).

Seila pulmoensis DuShane and Draper, 1975: 342–343, figs. 24–29

  1. Paratypes: AMNH 222058 (13 specimens).

  2. Locality: 23°25′N, 109°25′W, Pulmo Reef, Baja California Sur, Mexico, Pacific Ocean.

  3. Collector: H. DuShane, Jan. 26, 1967.

  4. Remarks: ex DuShane Collection. The holotype is LACM 1728, and additional paratypes are LACM 1729 and in the collection of B. Draper (DuShane and Draper, 1975: 343).

Setaepoma mayri Clench, 1958: 168, pl. 17, fig. 5; text fig. 1

  1. Paratype: AMNH 133738 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: 2500 ft, along the Wurlata River, Choiseul Island, Solomon Islands.

  3. Collector: E. Mayr, Sept. 1929.

  4. Remarks: The holotype is MCZ 36840, and additional paratypes are MCZ 188053 (Clench, 1958: 168).

Sinezona confusa Rolán and Luque, 1994: 2–4, figs. 1–2, 7–8

  1. Paratypes: AMNH 275358 (2 specimen).

  2. Locality: 82°34′N, 23°03′W, Playa Baracoa, La Habana, Cuba, Atlantic Ocean.

  3. Collector: Unknown.

  4. Remarks: ex Rolán Collection. The holotype is MNCN 15.05/17230, and additional paratypes are in BMNH, IES, MNCN, USNM, ZMA, and the collection of E. Rolán (Rolán and Luque, 1994: 2).

Sinezona redferni Rolán, 1996: 109–110, figs. 1–4

  1. Holotype: AMNH 226480.

  2. Locality: 21 m, Chub Rocks, Abaco Island, Bahamas, Atlantic Ocean.

  3. Collector: C. Redfern.

  4. Remarks: ex Rolán Collection. Paratypes are in BMNH, MNCN, MNHN, ZMA, and the collections of C. Redfern and E. Rolán (Rolán, 1996: 109–110).

Sinum cortezi Burch and Burch, 1964: 109, pl. 5, figs. 1, 3

  1. Paratype: AMNH 111891 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: 15 fathoms, between Mazatlan and Altata, Sinaloa, Mexico, Pacific Ocean.

  3. Collector: Shrimp trawlers.

  4. Remarks: ex Burch and Burch. The holotype is CASIZ 12601, and some additional paratypes are in the collections of J. and R. Burch, B. Campbell, and H. King (Burch and Burch, 1964: 109). The remaining paratypes, including MCZ 233991, were “distributed to institutions” (Burch and Burch, 1964: 109). This taxon is a synonym of S. grayi (Deshayes, 1843) (Keen, 1971: 482).

Soapitia dageti Binder, 1961: 12–14, figs. 1–5

  1. Paratypes: AMNH 136207 (4 specimens).

  2. Locality: 10°38′N, 13°22′W, Konkouré River, Soapiti, Guinea.

  3. Collector: J. Daget, 1958.

  4. Remarks: ex E. Binder. The holotype is in MHNG (Binder, 1961: 15). This taxon is the type of the genus Soapitia Binder, 1961, by monotypy (Binder, 1961: 12).

Somatogyrus crassilabris Walker, 1915a: 40

  1. Paralectotypes: AMNH 2648 (10 specimens).

  2. Locality: From rocks on muddy bank, north fork of White River, Norfolk, Baxter Co., Arkansas, United States.

  3. Collector: A. Hinkley, Aug. 1914.

  4. Remarks: ex Hinkley Collection. This taxon was originally briefly described by Walker (1915a: 40), who subsequently (Walker, 1915b: 53, fig. 4; erroneously as “n. sp.”) gave an expanded description and illustrated a specimen. Three months after Walker's (1915b) expanded description, Hinckley (1915: 588, pl. 78, fig. 1) used part of the same type series as the basis for his description of “Somatogyrus crassilabris, new species.” Curiously, Hinkley (1915: 589) cited this taxon in his “list of species collected” as “Somatogyrus crassilabris Walker,” for which we can offer no explanation. Hinkley's (1915) taxon is both a homonym of S. crassilabris Walker and a junior objective synonym of that taxon. Walker (1915a, 1915b) did not designate a holotype and only mentioned that “types” were in the Walker Collection (#38823) and “cotypes” were in the Hinkley Collection (Walker, 1915b: 53). Hinkley (1915: 288) selected “the type” (= holotype) as USNM 271763, and only this specimen and Hinkley's (1915) other specimens are part of the type series of S. crassilabris Hinkley; the specimens from the Walker Collection were excluded. We here select the holotype of S. crassilabris Hinkley as the lectotype of S. crassilabris Walker in order to permanently remove any confusion.

Somatogyrus pilsbryanus Walker, 1904: 142, pl. 5, figs. 20–21

  1. Syntypes: AMNH 2637 (12 specimens).

  2. Locality: Tallapoosa River, Tallassee, Elmore Co., Alabama, United States.

  3. Collector: A. Hinkley.

  4. Remarks: ex Hinkley Collection.

Stoastoma pisum C. B. Adams, 1849a: 11

  1. Paralectotypes: AMNH 163178 (12 specimens).

  2. Locality: Jamaica.

  3. Collector: Unknown.

  4. Remarks: ex C. B. Adams via T. Bland via Gulick Collection. The lectotype was selected as MCZ 177234 and figured by Boss (1972: 3, pl. 1, figs. 1–3). This taxon is the type of the genus Stoastoma C. B. Adams, 1849, by subsequent designation of Chitty (1857: 167).

Strictispira stillmani Shasky, 1971: 68–69, fig. 3

  1. Paratypes: AMNH 164914 (2 specimens).

  2. Locality: LACM locality 70–15, 08°53′N, 79°36′W, Venado Island, Panama Canal Zone, Panama, Pacific Ocean.

  3. Collector: J. McLean and D. Shasky, March 8–11, 1970.

  4. Remarks: The holotype is LACM 1567, and additional paratypes are LACM 1568 and in AIM, ANSP, CASIZ, SDMNH, SU, USNM, and the collections of S. Berry and D. Shasky (Shasky, 1971: 69).

Strigatella rapanuiensis J. Cate, 1968: 87–88, pl. 11, figs. 4a–b

  1. Paratype: AMNH 203844 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: 29°00′S, 109°30′W, Easter Island (Rapa Nui), Chile, Pacific Ocean.

  3. Collector: S. Englert, 1955.

  4. Remarks: ex Cate Collection #12380. The holotype is CAS 13103, and additional paratypes are CAS 13104–13106 (J. Cate, 1968: 87). This taxon is a synoynm of Mitra (Strigatella) flavocingulata Lamy, 1938 (Rehder, 1980: 83).

Strioterebrum angelli Gibson-Smith and Gibson-Smith, 1984: 65, pl. 1, figs. 6–7

  1. Paratypes: AMNH 202289 (20 specimens).

  2. Locality: Punta Mangle, Isla Margarita, Venezuela, Atlantic Ocean.

  3. Collector: J. and W. Gibson-Smith, July 1971.

  4. Remarks: The holotype is USNM 784720, and additional paratypes are NHMB H17099, UCVG 7065, and in BMNH (Gibson-Smith and Gibson-Smith, 1984: 65). This taxon is placed in the genus Terebra Bruguière, 1789 (Bratcher and Cernohorsky, 1987: 214).

Strombina (Cotonopsis) deroyae Emerson and D'Attilio, 1969a: 195–196, pl. 39

  1. Holotype: AMNH 146277.

  2. Locality: 102 fathoms, southeast of Academy Bay, Santa Cruz Island, Galápagos Islands, Ecuador, Pacific Ocean.

  3. Collector: J. DeRoy, April 26, 1967.

  4. Remarks: The paratype is in the collection of J. DeRoy (Emerson and D'Attilio, 1969: 196). This taxon is placed in the genus Cotonopsis Olsson, 1942 (Jung, 1989: 162).

Strombina elegans Li, 1930: 268, pl. 6, fig. 52

  1. Holotype: AMNH 269082.

  2. Locality: Mouth of Rio Grande, in mud, 10–40 ft, 1 mi from mainland near La Boca, Panama Bay, Panama, Pacific Ocean.

  3. Collector: D. MacDonald, 1907.

  4. Remarks: ex Columbia University 22112. AMNH 269082 is the holotype by monotypy. This taxon is a synonym of Cotonopsis (Turrina) turrita (G. B. Sowerby I) (Jung, 1989: 189).

Strombina laevistriata Li, 1930: 268, pl. 6, fig. 51

  1. Syntypes: AMNH 269080 (1 specimen), 269081 (9 specimens).

  2. Locality: Mouth of Rio Grande, in mud, 10–40 ft, 1 mi from mainland near La Boca, Panama Bay, Panama, Pacific Ocean.

  3. Collector: D. MacDonald, 1907.

  4. Remarks: ex Columbia University 22111. AMNH 269080 was the figured specimen (Li, 1930). This taxon is a synonym of Amphissa (Cosmioconcha) modesta (Powys, 1835) (Jung, 1989: 282).

Strombina (Cotonopsis) mendozana Shasky, 1970: 194, fig. 10

  1. Paratype: AMNH 179307 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: 33–73 m, 15°57′N, 95°32′W, Gulf of Fonseca, El Salvador, Pacific Ocean.

  3. Collector: X. Mendoza von Borstel, Oct. 1960.

  4. Remarks: ex Shasky Collection. The holotype is LACM 1419, and additional paratypes are LACM 1420 and in ANSP, CASIZ, SDNHM, SU, USNM, and the collection of D. Shasky (Shasky, 1970: 194). This taxon is placed in the genus Cotonopsis Olsson, 1942 (Jung, 1989: 173).

Strombina (Recurvina) paenoblita Jung, 1989: 141, fig. 54–2, 186–188

  1. Paratypes: AMNH 10372 (5 specimens), 10373 (2 specimens, lost), 10374 (3 specimens), 24002 (1 specimen), 49448 (1 specimen), 200527 (2 specimens).

  2. Locality: Colombia (AMNH 10372, 10374, 24002), Panama (AMNH 49448), Peru (AMNH 200527), Pacific Ocean.

  3. Collector: Unknown.

  4. Remarks: ex Jay Collection (AMNH 10372), Haines Collection (AMNH 10374), Steward Collection (AMNH 24002), Constable Collection (AMNH 49448), Columbia University (AMNH 200537). The holotype is LACM 2190, and additional paratypes are deposited as cited by Jung (1989: 141).

Strombus (Canarium) mutabilis ochroglottis Abbott, 1960: 74–75, pl. 20, figs. 9–10

  1. Paratype: AMNH 92463 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: Mauritius, Indian Ocean.

  3. Collector: Unknown.

  4. Remarks: ex ANSP. The holotype is ANSP 250187, and additional paratypes are ANSP 185466, MCZ 230469, 230476, and USNM 26652a, 465685 (Abbott, 1960: 75).

Strombus (Tricornis) oldi Emerson, 1965b: 397–398, pl. 294, figs. 1–4

  1. Paratypes: AMNH 97346 (3 specimens).

  2. Locality: 50 mi north to 60 mi south of Obbia, Somalia, Indian Ocean.

  3. Collector: Unknown, Nov. 21, 1956.

  4. Remarks: The holotype is ANSP 299730 (Emerson, 1965b: 398). The three AMNH paratypes were cited by Emerson (1965b: 398) as “97346,” “97346a,” and “97346b”; all are cataloged under a single number as AMNH 97346.

Strombus (Canarium) urceus orrae Abbott, 1960: 66, pl. 20, fig. 28; pl. 41, fig. 5

  1. Paratype: AMNH 92462 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: Augustus Island, Western Australia, Australia, Pacific Ocean.

  3. Collector: B. Bardwell.

  4. Remarks: ex ANSP. The holotype is ANSP 247756, and additional paratypes are ANSP 232673, 233409, 240131, 240137, and MCZ 178245 (Abbott, 1960: 67).

Subcancilla edithrexae Sphon, 1976: 63–64, figs. 1–2

  1. Paratypes: AMNH 111069 (3 specimens), 165150 (4 specimens), 165310 (2 specimens), 165398 (4 specimens), 165490 (1 specimen), 165556 (2 specimens).

  2. Locality: 5–10 fathoms, 00°22′20″S, 90°34′30″W, Barrington Island (AMNH 111069), 3–9 ft, Sombrero Chino Island (AMNH 165150), 00°17′S, 90°33′30′W, Bartholome Bay, Bartholome Island (AMNH 165310), 25–32 ft, 00°45′06″S, 90°15′38″W, Punta Estrada, southeast side Academy Bay, Santa Cruz Island (AMNH 165398), 1–30 ft, 00°13′S, 90°42′W, James Bay, James Island (AMNH 165490), 11–20 ft, 00°25′20″S, 90°57′10″W, Punta Alfaro, Isabella Island (AMNH 165556), Galápagos Islands, Ecuador, Pacific Ocean.

  3. Collector: J. de Roy, May 5, 1963 (AMNH 111069); Ameripagos Expedition, March 11–13, 1971 (AMNH 165310), March 19, 1971 (AMNH 165398), March 22, 1971 (AMNH 165490), March 22–24, 1971 (AMNH 165150), March 25, 1971 (AMNH 165556).

  4. Remarks: The holotype is LACM 1735. Additional paratypes are in CAS, CDRS, and several private collections (Sphon, 1976: 64).

Subcochliopa trochus Morrison, 1946: 25–26, pl. 2, fig. 17; pl. 3, fig. 20

  1. Paratypes: AMNH 276046 (23 specimens).

  2. Locality: Rio Tribique, Sona, Veraguas Province, Pamana.

  3. Collector: J. Zetek, Feb. 1934.

  4. Remarks: ex FMNH. The holotype is USNM 542168, and additional paratypes are USNM 217341 and 432875 (Morrison, 1946: 26). This taxon is the type of the genus Subcochliopa Morrison, 1946, by original designation (Morrison, 1946: 25).

Synaptocochlea picta “var.” lactea Usticke, 1959: 26

  1. Holotype: AMNH 195406.

  2. Locality: Ham Bay, St. Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands, Atlantic Ocean.

  3. Collector: Unknown.

  4. Remarks: ex Usticke Collection #108. AMNH 195406 is the specimen figured by Usticke (1969: pl. 2, fig. 108) and is the holotype by monotypy. Although Usticke (1959: 26) cited this taxon as a “var.,” he first listed it (1959: vi) as “Synaptocochlea lactea” under the heading “new species and subspecies.” We consider this taxon to have been subspecifically described. Although the species was (barely) described by Usticke (1959: 26; “pure white shell”), it was not figured until his 1969 publication. Usticke (1959: 26) gave only a single measurement for this taxon, and we conclude that he had only a single specimen before him at the time of description. This taxon was erroneously cited as “Synaptocochlea lactea” in the figure caption. The taxon is a synonym of S. picta (d'Orbigny, 1842) (Faber, 1988: 82).

Taheitea [sic] pallida Pease, 1868: 229–230

  1. Paralectotypes: AMNH 16620 (4 specimens), 73063 (17 specimens).

  2. Locality: Tahiti.

  3. Collector: A. Garrett.

  4. Remarks: ex Haines Collection (AMNH 16620), Pease Collection (AMNH 73063). Baker (1964: 175) cited ANSP 13659a as the type specimen. Beacuse Pease (1868) did not designate a type, Baker's (1964) action constituted a lectotype designation. Additional paralectotypes are MCZ 178660 and 178657 (Clench and Turner, 1948c: 204). The genus is correctly spelled Taheitia H. and A. Adams, 1863 (Clench and Turner, 1948c: 183), but this taxon was placed in the genus Truncatella Risso, 1826, by Baker (1964: 175).

Taheitia whitneyi Clench, 1958: 166, pl. 16, fig. 1

  1. Holotype: AMNH 73883.

  2. Locality: Bambatana, Choiseul Island, Solomon Islands.

  3. Collector: Whitney South Seas Expedition, Oct. 1929.

  4. Remarks: The paratype is MCZ 188089 (Clench, 1958: 167).

Tegula (Agathistoma) corteziana McLean, 1970b: 119, figs. 14–15

  1. Paratypes: AMNH 160266 (3 specimens).

  2. Locality: 30°16′N, 112°30′W, south side of Cabo Tepoca, Sonora, Mexico, Pacific Ocean.

  3. Collector: J. McLean, March 26, 1967.

  4. Remarks: The holotype is LACM 1381, and additional paratypes are LACM 1382, MCZ 277816, and in ANSP, CASIZ, SBMNH, SDNHM, SU, and USNM (McLean, 1970b: 119).

Tegula (Agathistoma) felipensis McLean, 1970b: 121, figs. 16–17

  1. Paratypes: AMNH 160267 (2 specimens).

  2. Locality: 31°02′N, 114°49′W, Punta San Felipe, Baja California Norte, Mexico, Pacific Ocean.

  3. Collector: J. McLean, April 1961 and Dec. 1962.

  4. Remarks: The holotype is LACM 1383, and additional paratypes are LACM 1384, MCZ 277818, and in ANSP, CASIZ, SBMNH, SDNHM, SU, and USNM (McLean, 1970b: 121).

Tegula (Agathistoma) picta McLean, 1970b: 121, figs. 18–19

  1. Paratype: AMNH 160268 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: Sta. 403–35, 00°56′43″S, 80°44′43″W, west of Manta, Ecuador, Pacific Ocean.

  3. Collector: R/V “Velero III,” Jan. 20, 1935.

  4. Remarks: The holotype is LACM 1385, and additional paratypes are LACM 1386, MCZ 277820, and in ANSP, CASIZ, SBMNH, SDNHM, SU, and USNM (McLean, 1970b: 121).

Tegula (Agathistoma) verrucosa McLean, 1970b: 122, figs. 22–23

  1. Paratype: AMNH 160269 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: 08°55′N, 79°34′W, Palo Seco, Canal Zone, Panama, Pacific Ocean.

  3. Collector: E. Bergeron, 1963.

  4. Remarks: The holotype is LACM 1389, and additional paratypes are LACM 1390, MCZ 277823, and in ANSP, CASIZ, SBMNH, SDNHM, SU, and USNM (McLean, 1970b: 122).

Teinostoma fernandesi Rubio and Rolán, 1990: 209–211, figs. 1.7–1.10

  1. Paratype: AMNH 294234 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: Playa de Lagoa Azul, Isla de São Tomé, São Tomé and Principe, Atlantic Ocean.

  3. Collector: Unknown.

  4. Remarks: ex Rolán Collection. The holotype is MNCN 15.05/1115, and additional paratypes are in BMNH, MNHN, and the collections of F. Fernandes, E. Rolán, and F. Rubio (Rubio and Rolán, 1990: 210–211).

Teinostoma millepunctata Usticke, 1969: 10, pl. 2, fig. 307

  1. Lectotype: AMNH 195413.

  2. Locality: Antigua, Atlantic Ocean.

  3. Collector: Unknown.

  4. Remarks: ex Usticke Collection #307. Usticke (1971: 6) stated that this specimen was the holotype. Because Usticke (1969: 10) did not designate a holotype, Usticke's (1971) action constituted a lectotype designation. The repository of the paralectotypes is unknown; their existence is indicated by Usticke's (1969: 10) given size range for the taxon of “20–22” [error for 2.0–2.2] mm length. This specific name is preoccupied by T. millepunctatum Pilsbry and Olsson, 1945, and was replaced by T. ciskae Faber, 1995 (Faber, 1995: 62).

Terebra allyni Bratcher and Burch, 1970a: 298, pl. 44, figs. 1–4

  1. Paratype: AMNH 154675 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: Sta. 23779, 5–10 fathoms, 21°35′N, 106°26′W, east shore of Maria Madre Island, Tres Marias Islands, Nayarit, Mexico, Pacific Ocean.

  3. Collector: California Academy of Sciences.

  4. Remarks: ex CASIZ. The holotype is CASIZ 13278, and additional paratypes are ANSP 316224, CASIZ 13279, DMNH 22421, LACM 1254, SBMNH 27142, SDMNH 51248, SU 9995, USNM 679534, and in BMNH and the collections of T. Bratcher and J. Burch (Bratcher and Burch, 1970a: 298).

Terebra (Strioterebrum) arcas Abbott, 1954: 40, pl. 2, fig. 4

  1. Paratype: AMNH 92326 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: 23–24 fathoms, east of Arcas Keys, south Campeche Bank, Campeche, Mexico, Atlantic Ocean.

  3. Collector: D. Steger on “Sea Hag,” 1953.

  4. Remarks: ex Steger Collection. The holotype is USNM 613882, and additional paratypes are ANSP 191712, MCZ 257304, and USNM 613883 (ex Steger Collection) (Abbott, 1954: 40).

Terebra (Strioterebrum) berryi Campbell, 1961: 26–27, pl. 5, figs. 5–6

  1. Paratype: AMNH 221883 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: Puertocitos, Baja California Sur, Mexico, Pacific Ocean.

  3. Collector: H. DuShane, April 1958.

  4. Remarks: ex DuShane Collection. The holotype is CASIZ 12352, and additional paratypes are in the collections of M. Rogers and S. Berry (Campbell, 1961: 27).

Terebra carolae Bratcher, 1979: 63, figs. 5, 7, 9, 11

  1. Paratypes: AMNH 186661 (1 specimen), 222064 (4 specimens), 269432 (3 specimens).

  2. Locality: 18 m, San Bartolomé Bay (AMNH 186661), 8 fathoms, Cedros Island (AMNH 222064, 269432), Baja California Norte, Mexico, Pacific Ocean.

  3. Collector: Unknown (AMNH 186661), Capt. Luna, 1973 (AMNH 222064, 269432).

  4. Remarks: ex DuShane Collection (AMNH 222064) and Skoglund Collection via S. and S. Long Collection (AMNH 269432). The holotype is LACM 1178, and additional paratypes are MCZ 288502 (ex Bratcher) and in ANSP, CASIZ, LACM, and the collections of T. Bratcher, W. Cernohorsky, and C. Skoglund (Bratcher, 1979: 63–64).

Terebra (Strioterebrum) churea Campbell, 1964: 134, pl. 17, figs. 17–18, 24

  1. Paratype: AMNH 221927 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: “La Grassa Island,” Guaymas, Mexico, Pacific Ocean.

  3. Collector: R. Burch.

  4. Remarks: ex Burch Collection (paratype #5) via DuShane Collection. The holotype is SBMNH 03461, and additional paratypes are SBMNH 03462, SDSNH 45222, 45223, and in the collections of R. Burch, B. Campbell, L. Poorman, and M. Rogers (Campbell, 1964: 135).

Terebra cracilenta Li, 1930: 274, pl. 8, fig. 67

  1. Syntypes: AMNH 269090 (1 specimen), 269091 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: Mouth of Rio Grande, in mud, 10–40 ft, 1 mi from mainland near La Boca, Panama Bay, Panama, Pacific Ocean.

  3. Collector: D. MacDonald, 1907.

  4. Remarks: ex Columbia University 22127. AMNH 269090 was the figured specimen (Li, 1930). Although the specific name is spelled “gracilenta” on the specimen label, Li (1930) gave it as “cracilenta” three times in his publication, which is therefore the correct original spelling. This taxon is a synonym of T. tuberculosa Hinds, 1844 (Bratcher and Cernohorsky, 1987: 130).

Terebra dorothyae Bratcher and Burch, 1970a: 297, pl. 44, figs. 7–8

  1. Paratype: AMNH 154674 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: Sta. 770–38, 7–11 fathoms, 13°53′N, 91°09′W, off San Jose Point, Guatemala, Pacific Ocean.

  3. Collector: Allan Hancock Foundation, Jan. 11, 1938.

  4. Remarks: The holotype is LACM 1250, and additional paratypes are ANSP 316223, CASIZ 13281, DMNH 22421, LACM 1251, SBMNH 27141, SDMNH 51249, SU 9993, USNM 679482, YPM 12–15635, and in BMNH (Bratcher and Burch, 1970a: 297). This taxon is a synonym of T. glauca Hinds, 1844 (Bratcher and Cernohorsky, 1987: 132).

Terebra (Strioterebrum) dushanae Campbell, 1964: 135, pl. 17, figs. 12–13

  1. Paratypes: AMNH 117730 (2 specimens), 221924 (20 specimens).

  2. Locality: Puertecitos, Baja California Sur, Mexico, Pacific Ocean.

  3. Collector: H. DuShane, June 11, 1960.

  4. Remarks: ex DuShane Collection. The holotype is CASIZ 12532, and additional paratypes are in the collections of D. Shasky and G. Sphon (Campbell, 1964: 136). This taxon is a synonym of T. bridgesi Dall, 1908 (Bratcher and Cernohorsky, 1987: 144).

Terebra fernandesi Bouchet, 1982: 197–198, figs. 10, 40–41

  1. Paratypes: AMNH 241567 (2 specimens).

  2. Locality: 0–1 m, Barra do Dande, Luanda Province, Angola, Atlantic Ocean.

  3. Collector: F. Fernandes and S. Gofas.

  4. Remarks: ex MNHN. The holotype is in MNHN, and additional paratypes are in MNHN and the collections of T. Bratcher and F. Fernandes (Bouchet, 1982: 197).

Terebra (Myurella) floridana stegeri Abbott, 1954: 39, pl. 2, figs. 5–6

  1. Paratypes: AMNH 92327 (1 specimen), 125573 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: 18 fathoms, off Progresso, Yucatan, Mexico (AMNH 125573), 18 fathoms, 100 mi northeast of Palmas Point, Florida, United States (AMNH 92327), Atlantic Ocean.

  3. Collector: D. Steger on “Sea Hag,” 1953.

  4. Remarks: ex Steger Collection. The holotype is USNM 613884, and additional paratypes are ANSP 191709, MCZ 257363, and USNM 605184 and 613885 (ex Steger Collection) (Abbott, 1954: 39). This taxon is a synonym of T. floridana (Dall, 1889) (Bratcher and Cernohorsky, 1987: 129).

Terebra hancocki Bratcher and Burch, 1970a: 299, pl. 44, figs. 11–12

  1. Paratype: AMNH 155886 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: 02°08′S, 81°00′W, La Libertad, Ecuador, Pacific Ocean.

  3. Collector: F. Lewis.

  4. Remarks: ex LACM. The holotype is LACM-AHF 1255, and additional paratypes are ANSP 316418, CASIZ 13282, DMNH 51367, LACM-AHF 1256, SBMNH 27143, SU 9995, USNM 678614, and in BMNH (Bratcher and Burch, 1970a: 299).

Terebra hertleini Bratcher and Burch, 1970b: 1–2, figs.1–2

  1. Paratype: AMNH 157281 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: 3.5–5.5 fathoms, 08°46′16″S, 90°19′38″W, Academy Bay, Santa Cruz Island, Galápagos Islands, Ecuador, Pacific Ocean.

  3. Collector: R/V “Velero III.”

  4. Remarks: ex CASIZ. The holotype is CASIZ 13222, and additional paratypes are ANSP 316670, CASIZ 13223–13227, LACM-AHF 1288, SBMNH 27147, SDNHM 51962, SU 9996, USNM 680212, and in BMNH and the collections of T. Bratcher and J. Burch (Bratcher and Burch, 1970b: 2). This taxon has been cited as a synonym of T. jacquelinae Bratcher and Burch, 1970 (Bratcher and Cernohorsky, 1987: 146). However, T. hertleini was published one page earlier than T. jacquelinae and is the oldest availible name if these two taxa are considered synonymous. T. hertleini is therefore the senior synonym of T. jacquelinae (new synonymy). The fact that the holotype of T. hertleini is a juvenile specimen (see Bratcher and Cernohorsky, 1987: 146) is not relevant in this matter.

Terebra (Strioterebrum) hoffmeyeri Abbott, 1952: 78, pl. 5, figs. 5–9

  1. Paratypes: AMNH 182823 (3 specimens).

  2. Locality: Pasay Beach, Manila Bay, Luzon Island, Philippines, Pacific Ocean.

  3. Collector: H. Hoffmeyer, May–Aug. 1939.

  4. Remarks: ex Jacobs Collection. The holotype is USNM 598077, and additional paratypes are USNM 596972 (50 specimens) and in ANSP, BPBM, MCZ, the Philippine Bureau of Science (Manila), and the collection of F. Hadley (200 specimens) (Abbott, 1952: 78–79). This taxon is a synonym of T. plumbea Quoy and Gaimard, 1833 (Bratcher and Cernohorsky, 1987: 97).

Terebra imitatrix Auffenberg and Lee, 1988: 154–155, figs. 1–6, 8–9

  1. Paratypes: AMNH 129280 (2 specimens).

  2. Locality: 02°53′S, 40°07′W, Acaraú, Ceara, Brazil, Atlantic Ocean.

  3. Collector: B. Tursch.

  4. Remarks: The holotype is ANSP 299957, and additional paratypes are ANSP 369293 and UF 115180 (Auffenberg and Lee, 1988: 156).

Terebra jacquelinae Bratcher and Burch, 1970b: 2–4, figs. 3–4

  1. Paratype: AMNH 157282 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: 5–6 fathoms, Academy Bay, Santa Cruz Island, Galápagos Islands, Ecuador, Pacific Ocean.

  3. Collector: J. DeRoy.

  4. Remarks: The holotype is CASIZ 13215, and additional paratypes are ANSP 316671, CASIZ 13216–13220, LACM-AHF 1179, MCZ 271946, SBMNH 27148, SDNHM 51963, SU 9997, USNM 680213, and in BMNH, WAM, and the collections of T. Bratcher, J. Burch, and J. DeRoy (Bratcher and Burch, 1970b: 4). This taxon has been cited as the senior synonym of T. hertleini Bratcher and Burch, 1970 (Bratcher and Cernohorsky, 1987: 146). However, T. hertleini was published one page earlier than T. jacquelinae and is the oldest available name if these two taxa are considered synonymous. T. jacquelinae is therefore a synonym of T. hertleini (new synonymy). The fact that the holotype of T. hertleini is a juvenile specimen (see Bratcher and Cernohorsky, 1987: 146) is not relevant in this matter.

Terebra macrospira Li, 1930: 273, pl. 8, fig. 66

  1. Holotype: AMNH 269089.

  2. Locality: Mouth of Rio Grande, in mud, 10–40 ft, 1 mi from mainland near La Boca, Panama Bay, Panama, Pacific Ocean.

  3. Collector: D. MacDonald, 1907.

  4. Remarks: ex Columbia University 22126. AMNH 269089 is the holotype by monotypy. This taxon is a synonym of T. robusta (Hinds, 1844) (Abbott, 1974: 262).

Terebra (Strioterebrum) melia Pilsbry, 1931: 437–438, text figs. 3–4

  1. Paratype: AMNH 269088 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: Mouth of Rio Grande, in mud, 10–40 ft, 1 mi from mainland near La Boca, Panama Bay, Panama, Pacific Ocean.

  3. Collector: D. MacDonald, 1907.

  4. Remarks: ex Columbia University 22124. The holotype is ANSP 153870 (Pilsbry, 1931: 437). This taxon is a synonym of T. variegata Gray, 1834 (Bratcher and Cernohorsky, 1987: 136).

Terebra paucincisa Bratcher, 1988: 413, fig. 4

  1. Paratype: AMNH 222587 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: Tailevu, Fiji, Pacific Ocean.

  3. Collector: B. Parkinson.

  4. Remarks: The holotype is in MNHNP, and additional paratypes are AMS C15234, BMNH 1986260, LACM 2260, MCZ 296165, USNM 859148, and in CASIZ, MNHNP, and the collections of T. Bratcher, W. Cernohorsky, and B. Parkinson (Bratcher, 1988: 413).

Terebra rancheria Bratcher, 1988: 413, figs. 6, 8

  1. Paratype: AMNH 222586 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: 3.5 m, 07°38′N, 81°44′W, off Isla Rancheria, Gulf of Chiriqui, Panama, Pacific Ocean.

  3. Collector: C. Skoglund.

  4. Remarks: The holotype is LACM 2261, and additional paratypes are BMNH 1986259, MORG 24.808, SDMNH 29522, USNM 859147, and in ANSP, CASIZ, and the collections of T. Bratcher, R. Koch, and C. Skoglund (Bratcher, 1988: 413).

Terebra tenuis Li, 1930: 274, pl. 8, fig. 68

  1. Syntypes: AMNH 269092 (1 specimen), AMNH 269093 (2 specimens).

  2. Locality: Mouth of Rio Grande, in mud, 10–40 ft, 1 mi from mainland near La Boca, Panama Bay, Panama, Pacific Ocean.

  3. Collector: D. MacDonald, 1907.

  4. Remarks: ex Columbia University 22128. AMNH 269092 was the figured specimen (Li, 1930). This taxon is a synonym of T. tuberculosa Hinds, 1844 (Bratcher and Cernohorsky, 1987: 130).

Terebra tobagoensis Usticke, 1969: 26, pl. 5, fig. 1029

  1. Lectotype: AMNH 195453.

  2. Paralectotypes: AMNH 191819 (116 specimens).

  3. Locality: Courland Bay, Tobago, British Virgin Islands, Atlantic Ocean.

  4. Collector: Unknown.

  5. Remarks: ex Usticke Collection #1029. Usticke (1971: 21) stated that this specimen (now AMNH 195453) was the holotype. Because Usticke (1969: 26) did not designate a holotype, Usticke's (1971) action constituted a lectotype designation. The repository of additional paralectotypes (if any) is unknown. This taxon is a synonym of T. maryleenae Burch, 1965 (Faber, 1988: 90).

Terebra troendlei Bratcher, 1981: 330, figs. 3–4

  1. Paratype: AMNH 181848 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: 10 m, Baie de Hana Hevane, Tahuata Island, Marquesas Islands, Pacific Ocean.

  3. Collector: Unknown.

  4. Remarks: The holotype is in MNHN, and additional paratypes are AM C122397, BMNH 198023, CASIZ 60676, MORG 21.175, USNM 773511, and in MNHN and the collections of T. Bratcher, W. Cernohorsky, B. Mabry, and J. Tröndle (Bratcher, 1981: 330).

Terebra turschi Bratcher, 1981: 331, figs. 7–8

  1. Paratype: AMNH 181847 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: 36 m, 04°06′S, 144°22′E, Hansa Bay, north coast of Papua New Guinea, Pacific Ocean.

  3. Collector: B. Tursch.

  4. Remarks: The holotype is LACM 1191, and additional paratypes are AM 120657, ANSP 352483, BMNH 198020, CASIZ 60675, MORG 21.277, SDMNH 73614, USNM 773512, and in the collections of T. Bratcher, W. Cernohorsky, B. Mabry, and B. Tursch (Bratcher, 1981: 331).

Teramachia dupreyae Emerson, 1985b: 104–106, figs. 1–8

  1. Holotype: AMNH 213477.

  2. Paratypes: AMNH 214367 (1 specimen), 214368 (1 specimen).

  3. Locality: 400 m, 200 mi northwest of Broome (AMNH 213477), 184 m, off Broome (AMNH 214367), 166 m, off Port Hedland (AMNH 214368), Western Australia, Australia, Pacific Ocean.

  4. Collector: “Shrimp boat,” Feb. 1985 (AMNH 213477); “scampi boat,” 1985 (AMNH 214367, 214368).

  5. Remarks: Additional paratypes are in the collections of C. Duprey and WAM (ex AMNH 213438; cited as transferred by Emerson, 1985b: 104). This taxon is a synonym of T. johnsoni (Bartsch, 1942) (Wilson, 1994: 119).

Thais (Thaisella) langi Clench and Turner, 1948b: 1–3, figs. 7–9

  1. Holotype: AMNH 72715.

  2. Paratypes: AMNH 45811 (21 specimens), 147020 (1 specimen).

  3. Locality: Lobito Bay, Angola, Atlantic Ocean.

  4. Collector: H. Lang and R. Boulton, Jr., April 1925.

  5. Remarks: ex Jacobson Collection (AMNH 147020). Additional paratypes are MCZ 181239 and 181240 (Clench and Turner, 1948b: 3).

Thala africana Rolán and Fernandes, 1995b: 19–20, figs. 1–6

  1. Paratype: AMNH 226524 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: 20 m, Luanda, Corimbo, Angola, Atlantic Ocean.

  3. Collector: E. Rolán.

  4. Remarks: ex Rolán Collection. The holotype is MNCN 10.05/20551, and additional paratypes are in BMNH, MNCN, MNHN, and the collections of F. Fernandes and E. Rolán (Rolán and Fernandes, 1995b: 19–20).

Thala crassa Simone, 1995: 805–810, figs. 1–11

  1. Paratypes: AMNH 292173 (2 specimens, alcohol).

  2. Locality: Sta. 5368, 250 m, 24°31′00″S, 44°28′00″W, continental slope off Ubatuba, São Paulo, Brazil, Atlantic Ocean.

  3. Collector: R/V “Prof. W. Besnard,” Dec. 8, 1988.

  4. Remarks: ex MZUSP 27925. The holotype is MZUSP 27919, and additional paratypes are MNRJ 6934, MORG 30669, 30670, and MZUSP 27921–27929 (Simone, 1995: 805).

Thala esperanza Leal and Moore, 1993: 58–59, figs. 1–6

  1. Paratype: AMNH 232313 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: Playa Esperanza, 40 km west of San Juan, Manati, Puerto Rico, Atlantic Ocean.

  3. Collector: D. Piferer, May 1973.

  4. Remarks: ex USNM. The holotype is USNM 860280, and additional paratypes are ANSP 391938, FMNH 223388, MCZ 302588, UF 193382–193383, UMML 8375, USNM 860281, 860282, and in MNHN (Leal and Moore, 1993: 59).

Thelecythara cruzensis Usticke, 1969: 28, pl. 6, fig. 1182

  1. Lectotype: AMNH 195467.

  2. Locality: St. Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands, Atlantic Ocean.

  3. Collector: Unknown.

  4. Remarks: ex Usticke Collection #1182/1183. Usticke (1971: 25) changed his number for this taxon from #1182 to #1183 without explanation. Usticke (1971: 25) stated that this specimen was the holotype. Because Usticke (1969: 28) did not designate a holotype, Usticke's (1971) action constituted a lectotype designation. The repository of the paralectotypes is unknown; their existence is indicated by Usticke's (1969: 28) given size range for the taxon of 6.5–7.0 mm length. This taxon is a synonym of T. floridana Fargo, 1953 (Faber, 1988: 78).

Thericium biminiense Pilsbry and McGinty, 1949: 13–14, pl. 1, figs. 6, 6a–b

  1. Paratypes: AMNH 84317 (1 specimen), 159763 (3 specimens).

  2. Locality: Turtle Rocks, Bimini Island, Bahamas, Atlantic Ocean.

  3. Collector: T. and P. McGinty, May 19, 1947.

  4. Remarks: ex McGinty Collection. The holotype is ANSP 185468 (Pilsbry and McGinty, 1949: 14). Pilsbry and McGinty (1949) cited May 22, 1949, as the collection date, but both AMNH lots from the McGinty Collection give May 19, 1947, as the correct date; the date cited by Pilsbry and McGinty (1949) may be only for the holotype. This taxon is a form of Cerithium lutosum Menke, 1828 (Abbott, 1974: 105).

Tiphobia horei Smith, 1880b: 348–349, pl. 31, figs. 6–6b

  1. Syntype: AMNH 56099 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: Lake Tanganyika, Kenya.

  3. Collector: E. Hore.

  4. Remarks: ex unknown collection #11964. This taxon is the type of the genus Tiphobia Smith, 1880, by monotypy (Smith, 1880b: 348).

Tomura abscondita Rolán and Rubio, 1999: 8, figs. 23–30

  1. Paratype: AMNH 294230 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: 30 m, Tarrafal, Santiago Island, Cape Verde Islands, Portugal, Atlantic Ocean.

  3. Collector: Unknown.

  4. Remarks: ex Rolán Collection. The holotype is MNCN 15.05/32190, and additional paratypes are in MNCN, MNHN, USNM, and the collections of E. Rolán and F. Rubio (Rolán and Rubio, 1999: 8).

Tricolia affinis beaui Robertson, 1958: 265–266, pl. 144, fig. 4; pl. 145, fig. 5

  1. Paratypes: AMNH 74060 (2 specimens).

  2. Locality: Bathsheba, Barbados, Atlantic Ocean.

  3. Collector: F. Kellett.

  4. Remarks: The holotype is MCZ 215664, and additional paratypes are MCZ 215665 and in ANSP, CASIZ, FMNH, SU, and USNM (Robertson, 1958: 266).

Tricolia affinis pterocladica Robertson, 1958: 264, pl. 144, fig. 3; pl. 145, fig. 3

  1. Paratypes: AMNH 84389 (2 specimens).

  2. Locality: Boynton Beach, Palm Beach Co., Florida, United States, Atlantic Ocean.

  3. Collector: T. McGinty, May 1946.

  4. Remarks: ex McGinty Collection. The holotype is MCZ 215662, and additional paratypes are ANSP 150755, 189846, 195923, FMNH 26483, 53118, MCZ 215663, 226824, and in USNM (Robertson, 1958: 264). This taxon is placed in the genus Eulithidium Pilsbry, 1898, as E. pterocladicum (Turgeon et al., 1998: 59).

Tricolia diantha McLean, 1970b: 125–126, figs. 34–35

  1. Paratypes: AMNH 160270 (2 specimens).

  2. Locality: 60 fathoms, 00°55′S, 90°30′W, east of south end, Albemarle (Isabela) Island, Galápagos Islands, Ecuador, Pacific Ocean.

  3. Collector: R/V “Velero III,” Jan. 26, 1934.

  4. Remarks: The holotype is LACM 1397, and additional paratypes are ANSP 319136, LACM 1398, MCZ 277824, USNM 679575, and in CASIZ, SBMNH, SDNHM, and SU (McLean, 1970b: 126; Finet, 1994: 17). This taxon is placed in the genus Eulithidium Pilsbry, 1898 (Finet, 1994: 16).

Tricolia macleani Marincovich, 1973: 25, figs. 47, 56

  1. Paratypes: AMNH 172408 (10 specimens).

  2. Locality: 20°48′S, 70°12′W, 40 miles south of Iquique, Patillos, Chile, Pacific Ocean.

  3. Collector: L. Marincovich, July 1964.

  4. Remarks: ex LACM #64–19. The holotype is LACM 1585, and additional paratypes are LACM 1586 and in ANSP, CASIZ, SDNHM, and USNM (Marincovich, 1973: 25).

Tricolia thalassicola Robertson, 1958: 271, pl. 142, fig. 2; pl. 144, figs. 1–2; pl. 146

  1. Paratype: AMNH 74059 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: 3 ft, North Point, Elbow Cay, Great Abaco, Island, Bahamas, Atlantic Ocean.

  3. Collector: R. Robertson, June 23, 1953.

  4. Remarks: The holotype is MCZ 213260, and additional paratypes are MCZ 213261 and in ANSP, CASIZ, FMNH, USNM, SU, the Institute of Marine Biology (Puerto Rico), and the collection of T. McGinty (Robertson, 1958: 271).

Trigonostoma (Trigonostoma) thysthlon Petit and Harasewych, 1987: 79–80, figs. 5, 8–13

  1. Paratypes: AMNH 122818 (1 specimen), 161104 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: 100 fathoms, off Kii Peninsula, Honshu, Japan, Pacific Ocean.

  3. Collector: M. Motei (AMNH 122818).

  4. Remarks: The holotype is USNM 747301, and additional paratypes are ANSP 234758, NSMT 63633, and in MNHN and the collection of R. Petit (Petit and Harasewych, 1987: 80).

“Triphora” martii Rolán and Fernándes-Garcés, 1995: 16, figs. 39–42

  1. Paratype: AMNH 226502 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: 20–40 m, Cienfuegos Bay, Cuba, Atlantic Ocean.

  3. Collector: Unknown.

  4. Remarks: ex Rolán Collection. The holotype is MNCN 15.05/17225, and additional paratypes are in IES and the collections of R. Fernándes-Garcés and E. Rolán (Rolán and Fernándes-Garcés, 1995: 16).

Triphora novem Usticke, 1969: 12, pl. 2, fig. 403

  1. Lectotype: AMNH 195419.

  2. Locality: Ham Bay, St. Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands, Atlantic Ocean.

  3. Collector: Unknown.

  4. Remarks: ex Usticke Collection #403. Usticke (1971: 8) stated that this specimen was the holotype. Because Usticke (1969: 12) did not designate a holotype, Usticke's (1971) action constituted a lectotype designation. Moolenbeek and Faber (1989: 80) also selected AMNH 195419 as lectotype, but Usticke's designation has priority. Additional lots of Triphora novem labeled “paralectotypes” by Faber and containing either 3 (AMNH 192889) or 4 (AMNH 193171) different species are not here considered paralectotypes because of questionable collection data. Because Usticke often added material to his type lots and kept very poor data, it is impossible to definitely assign any of these lots to the type series, especially because more than one species is present. This taxon is placed in the genus Mesophora Laseron, 1958 (Rolán and Fernández-Garcés, 1995: 11).

“Triphora” osclausum Rolán and Fernándes-Garcés, 1995: 15–16, figs. 36–38

  1. Paratype: AMNH 226501 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: 20 m, Cienfuegos Bay, Cuba, Atlantic Ocean.

  3. Collector: Unknown.

  4. Remarks: ex Rolán Collection. The holotype is MNCN 15.05/17224, and additional paratypes are in BMNH, IES, ZMA, and the collections of R. Fernándes-Garcés and E. Rolán (Rolán and Fernándes-Garcés, 1995: 15).

Triphora turris-similis Usticke, 1969: 13, pl. 2, fig. 408

  1. Lectotype: AMNH 193773.

  2. Locality: Long Reef, Christiansted, St. Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands, Atlantic Ocean.

  3. Collector: Unknown.

  4. Remarks: ex Usticke Collection #408. Usticke (1971: 9) stated that this specimen was the holotype. Because Usticke (1969: 13) did not designate a holotype, Usticke's (1971) action constituted a lectotype designation. The repository of the paralectotypes is unknown; their existence is indicated by Usticke's (1969: 13) given size range for the taxon of 5–6 mm length. The taxon is correctly cited without the hyphen as T. turrissimilis and is a synonym of Eutriphora bermudensis (Bartsch, 1911) (Rolán and Fernández-Garcés, 1995: 13).

Triton macrodon Valenciennes, 1832: 305

  1. Neotype: AMNH 74263.

  2. Locality: Sta. 35, 0.5–3.0 fathoms, 21°42′30″N, 106°41′00″W, off the southeastern side of San Juanito Island, Tres Marias group, Baja California Sur, Mexico, Pacific Ocean.

  3. Collector: Puritan Expedition, March 27, 1957.

  4. Remarks: The neotype was selected and figured by Beu and Kay (1988: 211, figs. 63–64). This taxon is placed in the genus Cymatium Röding, 1798, and subgenus Monoplex Perry, 1811 (Beu and Kay, 1988: 210).

Triton ridens Reeve, 1844: species 46, pl. 12, fig. 46

  1. Lectotype: AMNH 6369.

  2. Locality: “Philippines” [Pacific Ocean] (Reeve, 1844; incorrect); corrected to Key West, Monroe Co., Florida, United States, Atlantic Ocean (Emerson and Sage, 1990a).

  3. Collector: Unknown.

  4. Remarks: ex Haines Collection. The lectotype was designated by Lewis (1972: 48). Paralectotypes are in BMNH (Lewis, 1972: 48). This taxon is a synonym of Distorsio clathrata (Lamarck, 1816), with mislocalized data (Emerson and Sage, 1990a: 131).

Tritonium decussatum Valenciennes, 1832: 306

  1. Neotype: AMNH 85335.

  2. Locality: 82 m, 23°29′N, 109°25′W, Arena Bank, Baja California Sur, Mexico, Pacific Ocean.

  3. Collector: Unknown.

  4. Remarks: The type(s) of Valenciennes (1832) are lost, and the neotype was designated and illustrated by Emerson and Piech (1992: 114, figs. 21–22). This taxon is now Distorsio (Distorsio) decussata (Emerson and Piech, 1992: 114).

Trivia (Trivia) hispania C. Cate, 1979: 30, fig. 25

  1. Paratypes: AMNH 204637 (1 specimen), 204696a (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: Guernsey Island, English Channel, United Kingdom, Atlantic Ocean.

  3. Collector: Unknown.

  4. Remarks: ex Cate Collection #2442 (AMNH 204696a), #2443 (AMNH 204637). AMNH 204669a is C. Cate's (1979: 30) “paratype 2.” The holotype is LACM 1824 (C. Cate, 1979: 30).

Trivia (Trivia) tortuga C. Cate, 1979: 30, fig. 27

  1. Paratypes: AMNH 204626 (3 specimens).

  2. Locality: 08°50′N, 79°15′W, Vera Cruz Beach, Panama Bay, Panama, Pacific Ocean.

  3. Collector: Unknown.

  4. Remarks: ex Cate Collection #2471. The holotype is LACM 1817 (C. Cate, 1979: 30).

Trivirostra boswellae C. Cate, 1979: 73, fig. 116

  1. Paratype: AMNH 204630 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: Port Shepstone, Natal, South Africa, Indian Ocean.

  3. Collector: Unknown.

  4. Remarks: ex Cate Collection #4278b. The holotype is LACM 1805 (C. Cate, 1979: 73). This taxon is a synonym of Trivia oryza (Lamarck, 1810) (Kilburn and Rippey, 1982: 59).

Trivirostra thaanumi C. Cate, 1979: 70, fig. 113

  1. Paratypes: AMNH 204628 (10 specimens).

  2. Locality: 21°59′N, 159°24′W, Lihue, Kauai, Hawaii, United States, Pacific Ocean.

  3. Collector: D. Thaanum, 1921.

  4. Remarks: ex Cate Collection #2640. The holotype is LACM 1826 (C. Cate, 1979: 70). The current repository of the additional paratype is unknown.

Trophon (Boreotrophon) beebei Hertlein and Strong, 1948: 80, pl. 18, figs. 1–2

  1. Paratypes: AMNH 160331 (1 specimen), 160332 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: Sta. 150D–21, 80 fathoms, 23°01′30″N, 109°27′W (AMNH 160331), Sta. 150D–5, 23°01′30″N, 109°30′W (AMNH 160332), Gorda Banks, Gulf of California, Mexico, Pacific Ocean.

  3. Collector: Templeton Crocker “Zaca” Expedition, April 21 (AMNH 160332) and May 3 (AMNH 160331), 1936.

  4. Remarks: ex NYZS. The holotype is CASIZ 8334, and additional paratypes are CASIZ 8335, 8336, MCZ 215439 (ex SDMNH), and in SDNHM and SU (Hertlein and Strong, 1948: 80). This species is the type of the subgenus Zacatrophon Hertlein and Strong, 1951, by monotypy (Hertlein and Strong, 1951: 86).

Tropidorissoia secunda Rolán and Templado, 1994: 237–242, figs. 1–6

  1. Paratypes: AMNH 271811 (3 specimens).

  2. Locality: São Tomé, São Tomé and Principe, Atlantic Ocean.

  3. Collector: Unknown.

  4. Remarks: ex Rolán Collection. The holotype is MCNM 15.05/6975, and additional paratypes are in BMNH, MNHN, and the collections of F. Fernandes and E. Rolán (Rolán and Templado, 1994: 238).

Truncatella bairdiana C. B. Adams, 1852: 437

  1. Paralectotypes: AMNH 16565 (3 specimens), 16566 (2 specimens), 16567 (4 specimens), 73066 (4 specimens).

  2. Locality: Panama.

  3. Collector: C. B. Adams, 1850–1851.

  4. Remarks: ex Jay Collection (AMNH 16565), Haines Collection (AMNH 16566, 16567), and C. B. Adams Collection via MCZ (AMNH 73066). The type series contains 400 specimens (C. B. Adams, 1852: 437). The lectotype (MCZ 177110) was designated by Clench and Turner (1948c: 195) and figured by Turner (1956: pl. 12, fig. 7). Additional paralectotypes are MCZ 156010 and 177109.

Truncatella bilabiata bahamensis Clench and Turner, 1948a: 155, pl. 67, figs. 1–5

  1. Paratypes: AMNH 73067 (21 specimens).

  2. Locality: Northwest point, Little Inagua Island, Bahamas, Atlantic Ocean.

  3. Collector: R. McLean and B. Shreve, 1938.

  4. Remarks: ex MCZ. The holotype is MCZ 158794, and additional paratypes are MCZ 158795, 158926, 183714, 183717, and in USNM (Clench and Turner, 1948a: 155). This taxon has been raised to a full species (Abbott, 1974: 80).

Truncatella capillacea “Gundl.” Pfeiffer, 1859: 77

  1. Syntype: AMNH 16576 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: Caimanera [Guantánamo, Cuba].

  3. Collector: J. Gundlach.

  4. Remarks: ex Jay Collection. Additional syntypes are MCZ 178982 and 178983 (Clench and Turner, 1948a: 153). This taxon is a synonym of T. pulchella Pfeiffer, 1839 (Abbott, 1974: 80).

Truncatella cumingii C. B. Adams, 1845: 12

  1. Paralectotypes: AMNH 16574 (3 specimens).

  2. Locality: Jamaica.

  3. Collector: C. B. Adams, Feb.–March 1844.

  4. Remarks: ex Constable Collection. The lectotype (MCZ 177155) was designated and figured by Clench and Turner (1948a: 160, pl. 71, fig. 2). Additional paralectotypes are MCZ 177156. This taxon is a synonym of T. (Tomlinella) scalaris Michaud, 1830 (Clench and Turner, 1948a: 160).

Truncatella “(??)” dubiosa C. B. Adams, 1852: 437–438

  1. Paralectotypes: AMNH 16594 (4 specimens), 16595 (3 specimens), 16596 (42 specimens).

  2. Locality: Panama.

  3. Collector: C. B. Adams, 1850–1851.

  4. Remarks: ex Haines Collection (AMNH 16594) and Redfield Collection (AMNH 16595). The type series contains 550 specimens (C. B. Adams, 1852: 438). The lectotype (MCZ 186571) was selected and figured by Turner (1956: pl. 12, fig. 8). This taxon is placed in the genus Aroapyrgus H. Baker 1931 (Turner, 1956: 47).

Truncatella filicosta “Gundlach” Poey, 1858: 90

  1. Syntypes: AMNH 16600 (2 specimens), 16601 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: Caimanera, Guantanamo, Cuba.

  3. Collector: J. Gundlach.

  4. Remarks: ex Haines Collection (AMNH 16600) and Jay Collection (AMNH 16601). Additional syntypes are MCZ 175605 (Clench and Turner, 1948c: 199). The author of this taxon is Poey, who used a Gundlach manuscript name.

Truncatella lirata Poey, 1858: 89–90

  1. Syntypes: AMNH 16608 (4 specimens).

  2. Locality: Gibara, Holguín, Cuba.

  3. Collector: Unknown.

  4. Remarks: ex Crooke Collection. Additional syntypes are MCZ 158267 and 181277 (Clench and Turner, 1948c: 202). This taxon is placed in the genus Geomelania Pfeiffer, 1845, and the subgenus Merrilliana Clench and Turner, 1948 (Clench and Turner, 1948c: 182).

Truncatella pacifica Pease, 1868: 230, pl. 15, fig. 27

  1. Syntypes: AMNH 16619 (2 specimens).

  2. Locality: “In Insula Oualan” [= Oualan Island, Society Islands].

  3. Collector: A. Garrett.

  4. Remarks: ex Haines Collection. Additional syntypes are MCZ 59799 (Clench and Turner, 1948c: 204). This taxon is a synonym of T. (T.) guerinii A. and J. Villa, 1841 (Clench and Turner, 1948c: 167).

Truncatella pfeifferi von Martens, 1860: 43–44

  1. Paralectotypes: AMNH 16605 (4 specimens).

  2. Locality: Tanegashima, Osumi, Japan.

  3. Collector: Unknown.

  4. Remarks: ex Constable Collection. Clench and Turner (1948c: 205) cited a “holotype” in RMNH. Because von Martens (1860) did not designate a holotype, Clench and Turner's (1948c) action constituted a lectotype designation. Additional paralectotypes are MCZ 160359 (Clench and Turner, 1948c: 205). This taxon is a synonym of T. (T.) marginata Küster, 1855 (Clench and Turner, 1948c: 163).

Truncatella scalaris piratica Clench and Turner, 1948a: 161–162, pl. 65, fig. 1; pl. 72, figs. 1–4

  1. Paratypes: AMNH 45072 (7 specimens), 73069 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: St. George's Causeway, Bermuda, Atlantic Ocean.

  3. Collector: Unknown.

  4. Remarks: ex MCZ (AMNH 45072) and Gray Collection (AMNH 73069). The holotype is MCZ 178985, and additional paratypes are MCZ 16148, 24184, 24410, 62141, 158122, 178984, 178986, 183755, and in USNM (Clench and Turner, 1948a: 162). This taxon is a synonym of T. scalaris (Michaud, 1830) (Abbott, 1974: 80).

Truncatella succinea C. B. Adams, 1845: 12

  1. Paralectotypes: AMNH 163182 (11 specimens).

  2. Locality: Jamaica.

  3. Collector: C. B. Adams, Feb.–March 1844.

  4. Remarks: ex C. B. Adams via T. Bland via Gulick Collection. The lectotype was designated as MCZ 177154 and figured by Clench and Turner (1948a: 159, pl. 70, fig. 1). Additional paralectotypes are in MCZ (Clench and Turner, 1948a: 159). This taxon is a synonym of T. caribaeensis Reeve, 1842 (Abbott, 1974: 80).

Turbo (Marmorostoma) albofasciatus Bozzetti, 1994: 17–18, pl. 8, figs. 1–4

  1. Paratype: AMNH 246313 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: 100–150 m, Ras Hafun, Somalia, Indian Ocean.

  3. Collector: Unknown.

  4. Remarks: The holotype is IMT-93–5, and additional paratypes are ZMA 3.94.015, and in MNHN, NM, and the collection of L. Bozzetti (Bozzetti, 1994: 18).

Turbo castaneus muricatus Usticke, 1959: 29

  1. Syntypes: lost.

  2. Locality: West of Altona Bay, St. Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands, Atlantic Ocean.

  3. Collector: Unknown.

  4. Remarks: The syntypes are not recognizable as such among the numerous lots of T. castanea Gmelin, 1791, received from Usticke by AMNH, and are considered lost. The taxon was never figured but is a synonym of T. castanea (Faber, 1988: 85).

Turbo castaneus versicolor Usticke, 1959: 29

  1. Syntypes: lost.

  2. Locality: West of Altona Bay, St. Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands, Atlantic Ocean.

  3. Collector: Unknown.

  4. Remarks: The syntypes are not recognizable as such among the numerous lots of T. castanea Gmelin, 1791, received from Usticke by AMNH, and are considered lost. The taxon was never figured but is a synonym of T. castanea (Faber, 1988: 92).

Turbo jonathani Dekker, Moolenbeek, and Dance, 1992: 225–226, figs. 1–6

  1. Paratype: AMNH 275360 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: 7 km east of Dar Marbat, Dhofar, Oman, Indian Ocean.

  3. Collector: D. and E. Bosch and S. and U. Dance.

  4. Remarks: The holotype is ZMA 3.92.035, and additional paratypes are ZMA 3.92.036 and in the collections of BMNH, LACM, MM, NHMO, NMNZ, NMW, and RMS (Dekker et al., 1992: 225–228).

Turbo rotelliformis Jay, 1839: 111, pl. 1, figs. 2–3

  1. Syntypes: AMNH 56071 (1 specimen), 56071a (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: “South Seas” (Jay, 1839: 111).

  3. Collector: Unknown.

  4. Remarks: ex Jay Collection #7491 (Jay, 1850). AMNH 56071 is labeled as “fig d. type” in Jay's handwriting. Both syntypes are figured herein (fig. 17). The whereabouts of other syntype specimens (if any) are unknown. This taxon is a synonym of Norrisia norrisi (Sowerby, 1838) (Pilsbry, 1889: 276). Because this species actually occurs in California and Baja California, Mexico, Jay's (1839) locality data are incorrect.

Turbonilla bedoyai Peñas and Rolán, 1997b: 32, figs. 51–55

  1. Paratype: AMNH 288319 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: 20 m, Palmeirinhas, Angola, Atlantic Ocean.

  3. Collector: Unknown.

  4. Remarks: ex Rolán Collection. The holotype is MNCN 15.05/27793, and additional paratypes are in MNHN and the collection of E. Rolán (Peñas and Rolán, 1997b: 32).

Turbonilla bengoensis Peñas and Rolán, 1997b: 40, figs. 78–81

  1. Paratype: AMNH 288303 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: 60–100 m, Luanda, Angola, Atlantic Ocean.

  3. Collector: Unknown.

  4. Remarks: ex Rolán Collection. The holotype is MNCN 15.05/27797, and additional paratypes are in BMNH, MNHN, and the collection of E. Rolán (Peñas and Rolán, 1997b: 40).

Turbonilla franciscoi Peñas and Rolán, 1997b: 42, figs. 83–89

  1. Paratype: AMNH 288304 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: 5–25 m, Miamia, Ghana, Atlantic Ocean.

  3. Collector: Unknown.

  4. Remarks: ex Rolán Collection. The holotype is MNCN 15.05/27798, and additional paratypes are in BMNH, MNHN, and the collections of A. Peñas and E. Rolán (Peñas and Rolán, 1997b: 42).

Turbonilla ghanensis Peñas and Rolán, 1997b: 46–48, figs. 106–107

  1. Paratype: AMNH 288305 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: 5–25 m, Miamia, Ghana, Atlantic Ocean.

  3. Collector: Unknown.

  4. Remarks: ex Rolán Collection. The holotype is MNCN 15.05/27799, and additional paratypes are in BMNH, MNHN, and the collections of P. Hattenberger and E. Rolán (Peñas and Rolán, 1997b: 46).

“Turbonilla” hattenbergeri Peñas and Rolán, 1997b: 50, figs. 116–118

  1. Paratype: AMNH 288306 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: 12–25 m, Miamia, Ghana, Atlantic Ocean.

  3. Collector: Unknown.

  4. Remarks: ex Rolán Collection. The holotype is MNCN 15.05/27801, and additional paratypes are in MNHN and the collection of E. Rolán (Peñas and Rolán, 1997b: 50).

Turbonilla inaequabilis Peñas and Rolán, 1997b: 66, figs. 186–190

  1. Paratype: AMNH 288311 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: 20 m, Corimba, Luanda, Angola, Atlantic Ocean.

  3. Collector: Unknown.

  4. Remarks: ex Rolán Collection. The holotype is MNCN 15.05/27809, and additional paratypes are in BMNH, MNHN, and the collections of A. Peñas and E. Rolán (Peñas and Rolán, 1997b: 66).

Turbonilla lillybeckae Usticke, 1969: 31, pl. 6, fig. 1357

  1. Holotype: AMNH 198477.

  2. Locality: 10 ft, Christiansted Harbor, St. Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands, Atlantic Ocean.

  3. Collector: Unknown.

  4. Remarks: ex Usticke Collection #1357. Usticke (1969: 31) gave only a single measurement for this taxon, and AMNH 198477 is therefore the holotype by monotypy. This taxon is placed in the genus Strioturbonilla Sacco, 1892 (Faber, 1988: 83).

Turbonilla luandensis Peñas and Rolán, 1997b: 34, figs. 60–62

  1. Paratype: AMNH 288301 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: 100 m, Luanda, Angola, Atlantic Ocean.

  3. Collector: Unknown.

  4. Remarks: ex Rolán Collection. The holotype is MNCN 15.05/27794, and additional paratypes are in MNHN and the collection of E. Rolán (Peñas and Rolán, 1997b: 34).

Turbonilla martae Peñas and Rolán, 1997b: 52, figs. 124–130

  1. Paratype: AMNH 288307 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: 60–100 m, Luanda, Angola, Atlantic Ocean.

  3. Collector: Unknown.

  4. Remarks: ex Rolán Collection. The holotype is MNCN 15.05/27803, and additional paratypes are in BMNH, MNHN, and the collections of A. Peñas and E. Rolán (Peñas and Rolán, 1997b: 52).

Turbonilla nofronii Peñas and Rolán, 1997b: 34–37, figs. 63–66

  1. Paratype: AMNH 288320 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: Agadir, Marruecos, Atlantic Ocean.

  3. Collector: Unknown.

  4. Remarks: ex Rolán Collection. The holotype is MNCN 15.05/27795, and additional paratypes are in MNHN and the collections of W. Engl, A. Peñas, E. Rolán, and F. Swinnen (Peñas and Rolán, 1997b: 34).

Turbonilla perezdionisi Peñas and Rolán, 1997b: 16–18, figs. 29–30

  1. Paratype: AMNH 288300 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: 8–25 m, Miamia, Ghana, Atlantic Ocean.

  3. Collector: Unknown.

  4. Remarks: ex Rolán Collection. The holotype is MNCN 15.05/27790, and additional paratypes are in BMNH, MNHN, and the collections of A. Peñas, G. Perez-Dionis, and E. Rolán (Peñas and Rolán, 1997b: 16).

Turbonilla pseudomarteli Peñas and Rolán, 1997b: 38–40, figs. 73–77

  1. Paratype: AMNH 288302 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: 10 m, Miamia, Ghana, Atlantic Ocean.

  3. Collector: Unknown.

  4. Remarks: ex Rolán Collection. The holotype is MNCN 15.05/27796, and additional paratypes are in BMNH, MNHN, and the collections of A. Peñas and E. Rolán (Peñas and Rolán, 1997b: 38).

Turbonilla rafaeli Peñas and Rolán, 1997b: 66–68, figs. 191–193

  1. Paratype: AMNH 288312 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: 10–25 m, Miamia, Ghana, Atlantic Ocean.

  3. Collector: Unknown.

  4. Remarks: ex Rolán Collection. The holotype is MNCN 15.05/27810, and additional paratypes are in BMNH, MNHN, and the collections of A. Peñas and E. Rolán (Peñas and Rolán, 1997b: 66).

Turbonilla ryalli Peñas and Rolán, 1997b: 12–14, figs. 19–23

  1. Paratype: AMNH 288299 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: 8–25 m, Miamia, frente a Mutrakni, Ghana, Atlantic Ocean.

  3. Collector: Unknown.

  4. Remarks: ex Rolán Collection. The holotype is MNCN 15.05/27789, and additional paratypes are in BMNH, MNHN, and the collections of A. Peñas, E. Rolán, and P. Ryall (Peñas and Rolán, 1997b: 12).

Turbonilla susomendezi Peñas and Rolán, 1997b: 56–58, figs. 143–146

  1. Paratype: AMNH 288309 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: 12–25 m, Miamia, Ghana.

  3. Collector: Unknown.

  4. Remarks: ex Rolán Collection. The holotype is MNCN 15.05/27806, and additional paratypes are in BMNH, MNHN, and the collection of E. Rolán (Peñas and Rolán, 1997b: 56).

Turbonilla swinneni Peñas and Rolán, 1997b: 62–64, figs. 167–170

  1. Paratype: AMNH 288310 (2 specimens).

  2. Locality: 15 m, Miamia, Ghana, Atlantic Ocean.

  3. Collector: Unknown.

  4. Remarks: ex Rolán Collection. The holotype is MNCN 15.05/27807, and additional paratypes are in BMNH, MNHN, and the collection of A. Peñas (Peñas and Rolán, 1997b: 62).

Turbonilla templadoi Peñas and Rolán, 1997b: 56, figs. 139–142

  1. Paratype: AMNH 288308 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: 8 m, British Saint Antonio, Principe Island, São Tomé and Principe, Atlantic Ocean.

  3. Collector: Unknown.

  4. Remarks: ex Rolán Collection. The holotype is MNCN 15.05/27805, and additional paratypes are in BMNH, MNHN, and the collections of A. Peñas and E. Rolán (Peñas and Rolán, 1997b: 56).

Turcicula Bairdii Dall, 1889: 377–378

  1. Syntypes: AMNH 225200 (3 specimens).

  2. Locality: Sta. 2839, 414 fathoms, 28°58′N, 143°48′W, off San Clemente Island, Los Angeles Co., California, United States, Pacific Ocean.

  3. Collector: R/V “Albatross,” Nov. 13, 1891.

  4. Remarks: ex USNM. This taxon was figured by Dall (1890: pl. 7, fig. 3). The taxon is placed in Bathybembix Crosse, 1892 (Turgeon et al., 1998: 60).

Turritella (Zeacolpus) ahiparana Powell, 1927: 297, fig. 4

  1. Paratypes: AMNH 107321 (2 specimens).

  2. Locality: 23 fathoms, off Ahipara Bay, New Zealand, Pacific Ocean.

  3. Collector: “Serfib,” 1925.

  4. Remarks: ex Chesler Collection. The holotype and additional paratypes were in the collection of A. Powell (Powell, 1927: 297). A paratype is MCZ 76640.

Turritella anactor Berry, 1957: 78

  1. Paratypes: AMNH 106035 (1 specimen), 221881 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: 8–12 mi north of San Felipe, Baja California Norte, Mexico, Pacific Ocean.

  3. Collector: F. Howard, April 1957 (AMNH 106035).

  4. Remarks: ex SBMNH (AMNH 106035) via DuShane Collection (AMNH 221881). The holotype was SU 8509 (now CASIZ 043987), and additional paratypes are CASIZ 043988, LACM 1447, SBMNH 11963, 11964, 34561–34564, 35469, 50945, SDNHM 12005 (Hertz, 1999: 11, fig. 15), and MCZ 244118 (ex SBMNH; not cited by Hertz, 1999). AMNH 221881 was donated to AMNH subsequent to Hertz (1984) but was not cited by Hertz (1999).

Turritella parkeri McLean, 1970b: 127, figs. 37–38

  1. Paratypes: AMNH 160271 (2 specimens).

  2. Locality: 45–65 fathoms, 24°24.3′–24°25.6′N, 110°23.7′–110°25.5′W, west of Espiritu Santo Island, Bahia de La Paz, Baja California Sur, Mexico, Pacific Ocean.

  3. Collector: R/V “Thomas Washington,” Jan. 12, 1968.

  4. Remarks: The holotype is LACM 1401, and additional paratypes are LACM 1402, MCZ 277815, and in ANSP, CASIZ, SBMNH, SU, USNM, and the Scripps Collection (McLean, 1970b: 127).

Turritella willetti McLean, 1970a: 312, pl. 46, figs. 7–8

  1. Paratype: AMNH 154686 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: 7–12 fathoms, 19°06′N, 104°23′W, Santiago Bay, Manzanillo, Colima, Mexico, Pacific Ocean.

  3. Collector: L. and C. Shy, Nov.–Dec. 1968.

  4. Remarks: ex LACM. The holotype is LACM 1280, and additional paratypes are CASIZ 13274, LACM 1281, SDNHM 51303, SU 9989, USNM 679556, and in the Shy Collection (McLean, 1970a: 312).

Tutufa nigrita Mühlhäusser and Blöcher, 1979: 209–213, figs. 1–2, 4

  1. Paratype: AMNH 200499 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: Outside of Grand Récif, Tulear, Madagascar, Indian Ocean.

  3. Collector: M. Blöcher, Oct. 1978.

  4. Remarks: ex Hrdlicka Collection. The holotype is ZSM 1688, and additional paratypes are in ZSM and the collections of M. Blöcher and H. Mühlhäusser (Mühlhäusser and Blöcher, 1979: 211). This taxon is placed in the subgenus Tutufella Beu, 1981 (Beu, 1998: 19).

Typhina riosi Bertsch and D'Attilio, 1980: 135–136, figs. 6–7

  1. Paratype: AMNH 182494 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: 280 m, 30°04′S, 47°55′W, off Tramandai, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, Atlantic Ocean.

  3. Collector: N. Besnard, Aug. 3, 1972.

  4. Remarks: ex E. Rios. The holotype is SDNMH 794, and additional paratypes are deposited as cited by Bertsch and D'Attilio (1980: 136). The fomer genus Typhina Jousseaume, 1880, is now considered a subgenus of Typhis Montfort, 1810 (Rios, 1994: 116).

Umbonium eloiseae Dance, Moolenbeek, and Dekker, 1992: 231–232, figs. 1–14

  1. Paratypes: AMNH 275359 (4 specimens).

  2. Locality: Sur Masirah, Masirah Island, Oman, Indian Ocean.

  3. Collector: R. Moolenbeek and H. Dekker, Nov. 22, 1991.

  4. Remarks: The holotype is ZMA Moll. 3.92.033, and additional paratypes are ZMA 3.92.034, and in BMNH, LACM, MM, NHMO, NMNZ, NMW, and RMS (Dance et al., 1992: 232, 235). This taxon is only provisionally placed in Umbonium Link, 1807 (Bosch et al., 1995: 36).

Vanikoro incerta Usticke, 1959: 48

  1. Holotype: lost.

  2. Locality: Ham Bay, St. Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands, Atlantic Ocean.

  3. Collector: G.W.N. Usticke.

  4. Remarks: The holotype by monotypy is not in AMNH and is considered lost. The species was never figured and is a nomen dubium (Faber, 1988: 81).

Vanikoro millerae Usticke, 1959: 48, pl. 3, fig. 3

  1. Holotype: AMNH 195423.

  2. Paratypes: AMNH 192805 (22 specimens).

  3. Locality: Ham Bay, St. Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands, Atlantic Ocean.

  4. Collector: Unknown.

  5. Remarks: ex Usticke Collection #510. The type locality was given by Usticke (1959: 48) as both Cane Bay and Ham Bay; the latter is the only locality given subsequently (Usticke, 1969; 1971) and is probably the correct one. This taxon is placed in the genus Megalomphalus Brusina, 1871 (Rolán and Rubio, 1998: 36).

Vasum aldridgei Usticke, 1969: 18–19, pl. 4, fig. 834

  1. Lectotype: AMNH 168901.

  2. Paralectotype: AMNH 189620 (1 specimen).

  3. Locality: Puerto Rico (AMNH 189620), Rat Island, Antigua, Antigua and Barbuda (AMNH 168901), Atlantic Ocean.

  4. Collector: Unknown (AMNH 189620); R. Aldridge (AMNH 168901).

  5. Remarks: ex Usticke Collection #834 (AMNH 189620) and Aldridge Collection (AMNH 168901). Usticke (1971: 12) stated that the “30 mm” specimen from Antigua (which is not the larger figured specimen, erroneously labeled “26 mm”) was the holotype. Because Usticke (1969: 18–19) did not designate a holotype, Usticke's (1971) action constituted a lectotype designation. In spite of Usticke's (1969) incorrect indication of deposition of the “paratype”; the smaller, “holotype,” specimen from Antigua is the only one that was present in the AMNH collections in 1969. Vokes (1976, 1992) and Faber (1995) are incorrect as to the identity of the lectotype. The repository of additional paralectotypes (if any) is unknown. This taxon is placed in the genus Attiliosa Emerson, 1968 (Faber, 1988: 70–71).

Vasum globulum antiguensis Usticke, 1969: 19, pl. 4, fig. 837

  1. Lectotype: AMNH 195435.

  2. Locality: Fort James, Antigua, Antigua and Barbuda, Atlantic Ocean.

  3. Collector: Unknown.

  4. Remarks: ex Usticke Collection #837. Usticke (1971: 15) stated that this specimen was the holotype. Because Usticke (1969: 19) did not designate a holotype, Usticke's (1971) action constituted a lectotype designation. The repository of the paralectotypes is unknown; their existence is indicated by Usticke's (1969: 19) given size range for the taxon of 30–35 mm length. This taxon is a synonym of V. globulum (Lamarck, 1816) (Faber, 1988: 71).

Vasum stephanti Emerson and Sage, 1988: 36–38, figs. 1–6

  1. Holotype: AMNH 225987.

  2. Paratypes: AMNH 225988 (1 specimen; lost), 225989 (1 specimen), 225990 (1 specimen; now USNM).

  3. Locality: 183–220 m, 13–16 km east, 80–96 km south of Cape Gardafui (Ras Asir), Somalia, Indian Ocean.

  4. Collector: “Shrimp fishermen,” Dec. 1986.

  5. Remarks: Additional paratypes are in the collections of J. Bernard and A. Stephant (Emerson and Sage, 1988: 38). AMNH 225988 was removed by person or persons unknown from the office of W. Emerson circa 1991 (Emerson, personal commun.). It is extremely unlikely that it will ever be returned and must be considered lost. AMNH 225990 was deaccessioned in 1993 and sent to USNM as an exchange. An extremely similar and sympatric species, V. lactisfloris Ferrario, 1983, may prove to be the senior synonym of V. stephanti (Ferrario and Bozzetti, 1991: 29).

Vexillum (Pusia) chickcharneorum Lyons and Kaicher, 1978: 544–546, figs. 1–4

  1. Paratypes: AMNH 183747 (2 specimens).

  2. Locality: North side of Stocking Island, Great Exuma, Bahamas, Atlantic Ocean.

  3. Collector: W. Lyons, June 23, 1974.

  4. Remarks: The holotype is USNM 758543, and additional paratypes are ANSP 345016, BMNH 1977165, FSCB I 17864, 17866, and USNM 758544 (Lyons and Kaicher, 1978: 544).

Vexillum coronense J. Cate, 1968: 88, pl. 11, figs. 5a–b

  1. Paratype: AMNH 203845 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: 12°10′N, 120°13′E, Coron Island, Calamian Group, Philippines, Pacific Ocean.

  3. Collector: Unknown.

  4. Remarks: ex Cate Collection #12382. The holotype is CAS 13112 (J. Cate, 1968: 89). This taxon is a synonym of Vexillum (Costellaria) militaris (Reeve, 1845) (Cernohorsky, 1970: 55).

Vexillum kewaloensis J. Cate, 1963: 26–27, pl. 5, figs. 1–5

  1. Paratype: AMNH 203837 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: Kewalo, Oahu, Hawaii, United States, Pacific Ocean.

  3. Collector: M. Schick, 1929.

  4. Remarks: ex Cate Collection (no number). The holotype is USNM 333316 (J. Cate, 1963: 27). J. Cate (1963: 27, table 1) cited 5 “hypotypes” in USNM and the Ostergaard Collection and 1 “paratype” in her collection (now AMNH 203837), but listed “hypotype 1…USNM 217083” and “four paratypes in the collection of Jens. M. Ostergaard…and one in my own collection” [now AMNH 203837] in the text. The status of USNM 217083 and the Ostergaard specimens is unclear, although they should probably all be considered paratypes because J. Cate (1963: 27) clearly linked her specimen to the Ostergaard ones in the text (as “paratypes”), and then linked the Ostergaard specimens to USNM 217083 in the table (as “hypotypes”). In any case, it is clear that the AMNH specimen is a paratype. This taxon is a synonym of V. (Costellaria) fortiplicatum (Pease, 1868) (Kay, 1979: 320).

Vexillum micra Pilsbry, 1921: 317–318

  1. Syntypes: AMNH 188699 (2 specimens), 203840 (2 specimens).

  2. Locality: 25–50 fathoms, off Waikiki, Oahu, Hawaii, United States, Pacific Ocean.

  3. Collector: D. Langford, 1916.

  4. Remarks: ex Thaanum Collection #5252. The species was not figured by Pilsbry (1921), nor did he designate a holotype. Another lot of this species (AMNH 189133) is from the type locality and the same collector in the same year but is not considered a syntype because of its different Thaanum catalog number (#3267) and identification by Thaanum as Mitra pacifica Reeve, 1845 (= Vexillum (Costellaria) pacificum). This taxon is placed in the subgenus Costellaria Swainson, 1840 (Kay, 1979: 321, fig. 107d).

Vexillum moana J. Cate, 1963: 28–29, pl. 5, figs. 6–10

  1. Paratypes: AMNH 203838 (3 specimens).

  2. Locality: 200–300 ft, off Waikiki, Oahu, Hawaii, United States, Pacific Ocean.

  3. Collector: D. Langford, 1917.

  4. Remarks: ex Thaanum Collection #8397; Cate Collection (no number). The holotype is USNM 338665, and the additional paratypes are USNM 333027 (J. Cate, 1963: 28). J. Cate (1963: 28) listed the Thaanum specimens as “hypotypes” in the text, but as numbered “paratypes” in table 2. This taxon is a synonym of V. (Costellaria) leucozonias Deshayes, 1834 (Kay, 1979: 321).

Vexillum regina filiareginae J. Cate, 1961: 80–81, pl. 18, figs. 6a–b; pl. 19, fig. 6; pl. 20, figs. 1–10

  1. Paratypes: AMNH 96285 (2 specimens), 203826 (1 specimen), 203827 (1 specimen), 203828 (1 specimen), 203829 (1 specimen), 203830 (1 specimen), 203831 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: Balabac, Palawan, Philippines, Pacific Ocean.

  3. Collector: F. Dayrit, July 11, 1958 (AMNH 203826), July 1961 (AMNH 96285, 203829–203831); unknown (AMNH 203827, 203828).

  4. Remarks: ex D'Attilio Collection (AMNH 96285, in part) and Cate Collection. AMNH 96285 is J. Cate's paratypes #3 and 26; AMNH 203826–203831 are J. Cate's paratypes #2, 14, 15, 28, 29, and 32, respectively. The holotype is SU 8623; paratype #1 is CAS 12366; paratypes #4, 8, 10–13, 19, 20 are in the collection of F. Dayrit; paratypes #6, 7 were in the collection of A. D'Attilio (current repository unknown); paratype #21 is in the collection of J. and R. Burch; paratype #22 is in USNM; paratype #23 is MCZ 231605; paratype #24 is in BMNH (J. Cate, 1961: 82). The current repository of paratypes 5, 9, 16–18, 25, 27, 30, and 31 (formerly in the Cate Collection) is unknown. This taxon is a synonym of V. (V.) regina Sowerby, 1828 (Cernohorsky, 1970: 53).

Vitrinella politurae Rolán and Rubio, 1999: 6, figs. 14–19

  1. Paratype: AMNH 294227 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: 4 m, Baia Teodora, Boa Vista Island, Cape Verde Islands, Portugal, Atlantic Ocean.

  3. Collector: Unknown.

  4. Remarks: ex Rolán Collection. The holotype is MNCN 15.05/32188, and additional paratypes are in MNCN, MNHN, USNM, and the collections of E. Rolán and F. Rubio (Rolán and Rubio, 1999: 6). Rolán and Rubio (1999: 6) gave the type locality as Baia da Mordeira, Sal Island.

Vitrinorbis arabscripta Rolán and Rubio, 1996: 144–145, figs. 1–4

  1. Paratype: AMNH 226481 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: Praia Emilia, city of São Tomé, São Tomé and Principe, Atlantic Ocean.

  3. Collector: Unknown.

  4. Remarks: ex Rolán Collection. The holotype is in MNCN, and additional paratypes are in MNCN and the collections of E. Rolán and F. Rubio (Rolán and Rubio, 1996: 144).

Volutocorbis lutosa Koch, 1948: 5–6, pl. 2, figs. 1–6

  1. Paratypes: AMNH 87459 (1 specimen), 213703 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: 40–60 fathoms, off Port Nolloth, South Africa, Indian Ocean.

  3. Collector: Unknown.

  4. Remarks: ex Weeks Collection (AMNH 87459) and Cate Collection (AMNH 213703). The repository of the holotype and additional paratypes is unknown.

Volutocorbis semirugata Rehder and Weaver, 1974: 31–32, figs. 1–8

  1. Paratype: AMNH 177285 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: ex Xenophora pallidula (Reeve, 1842), 200 m, 10 mi northeast of Inhaca Island, Lourenço Marques, Mozambique, Indian Ocean.

  3. Collector: Unknown.

  4. Remarks: ex Fernandes Collection. The holotype is NMSA 9939, and additional paratypes are USNM 709349–709350, and in the collections of H. Boswell, C. Fernandes, K. Fuller, M. Meyer, and the Visagie Collection (Rehder and Weaver, 1974: 32).

Volva kilburni C. Cate, 1975: 259, fig. 11

  1. Paratypes: AMNH 204862 (2 specimens).

  2. Locality: Gonubie, East London, Natal, South Africa, Indian Ocean.

  3. Collector: C. Connolly.

  4. Remarks: ex Cate Collection #4095. The holotype is NMSA 5377 and the additional paratypes are NMSA A593 and A1246 (C. Cate, 1975: 259).

Volvarina insulana Gofas and Fernandes, 1988: 13–15, pl. 1, fig. d; text figs. 14–15

  1. Paratypes: AMNH 238665 (2 specimens).

  2. Locality: 2–3 m, Esprainha Beach, São Tomé Island, São Tomé and Principe, Atlantic Ocean.

  3. Collector: F. Fernandes, Nov. 23, 1986.

  4. Remarks: ex Fernandes Collection. The holotype is in MNHN, and additional paratypes are in IIT, MNHN, NMW, and the collections of P. Emilia and F. Fernandes (Gofas and Fernandes, 1988: 13).

Xenophora tulearensis Stewart and Kosuge, 1993: 3–4, pl. 2, figs. 1–5; pl. 3, figs. 1–7

  1. Paratype: AMNH 271803 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: Shell market, Tulear, Madagascar, Indian Ocean.

  3. Collector: Unknown.

  4. Remarks: ex Pisor Collection (paratype #6). The holotype is CASIZ 086781, and additional paratypes are CASIZ 086782, 086783, IMT-92–52, LACM 2716, UCMP 39838, and in the collections of D. Pisor and K. Stewart (Stewart and Kosuge, 1993: 5).

Zoila rosselli Cotton, 1948: 30–31, pl. 1, figs. 1–6

  1. Paratype: AMNH 203876 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: North Wharf, Fremantle, Western Australia, Australia, Pacific Ocean.

  3. Collector: H. Rossell, 1916.

  4. Remarks: ex Rossell Collection via Weaver Collection via Cate Collection. The holotype is in SAM, and additional paratypes are in AM and the Steadman Collection (Cotton, 1948: 31).

Zoila venusta sorrentensis F. Schilder, 1963: 126

  1. Paratypes: AMNH 204373 (1 specimen), 204428 (1 specimen), 213446 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: 10–25 ft, Sorrento Reef, north of Fremantle, Western Australia, Pacific Ocean.

  3. Collector: B. Wilson, Jan. 7, 1962 (AMNH 204373), T. Sutcliffe (AMNH 204428), B. Wilson and R. George, April 22, 1962 (AMNH 213446).

  4. Remarks: ex C. and J. Cate Collection (AMNH 204373, 204428) and R. Summers Collection (AMNH 213446). AMNH 204373 is Cate's (1962b: 7) “hypotype 12” (Cate Collection #1515). AMNH 204428 is C. Cate's (1962b: 7) “hypotype 3” (Cate Collection #1461) and was figured by C. Cate (1962b: pl. 3, figs. 3a–b). AMNH 213446 is C. Cate's (1962b: 7) “hypotype 8” (Summers Collection). The holotype was in the collection of F. Schilder #13344 (current repository unknown). and the additional 7 paratypes were in the collections of C. Weaver (1 specimen), T. Hartley (3 specimens), M. Cramer (1 specimen), and an unknown collector (2 specimens) (C. Cate, 1962b: 7; F. Schilder, 1963: 127). This taxon is a synonym of Z. venusta episema (Iredale, 1939) (Lorenz and Hubert, 1993: 44).

Zonulispira chrysochildosa Shasky, 1971: 69, fig. 4

  1. Paratype: AMNH 164920 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: 08°53′N, 79°36′W, Venado Island, Panama Canal Zone, Pacific Ocean.

  3. Collector: D. Shasky and J. McLean, March 8–11, 1970.

  4. Remarks: The holotype is LACM 1569, and additional paratypes are LACM 1570, and in AIM, ANSP, CASIZ, SDMNH, SU, USNM, and the collection of D. Shasky (Shasky, 1971: 69).

Acknowledgments

We thank the following individuals for their help in providing much-needed information and assistance: Adam Baldinger (MCZ), William K. Emerson (AMNH), Marien Faber (ZMA), Emilio Rolán (Vigo, Spain), Gary Rosenberg (ANSP), and Kathie Way (BMNH). Marta de Maintenon (formerly AMNH, now University of Hawaii, Hilo) kindly provided updated synonymy information for Usticke's columbellid taxa. Additional thanks go to William K. Emerson and Paula M. Mikkelsen (AMNH) for reviewing the manuscript. Steve Thurston (AMNH) provided invaluable assistance with photography.

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Appendices

APPENDIX 1

Gastropoda (Opisthobranchia)

Cylindrobulla gigas Mikkelsen, 1998: 56–58, figs. 3a, 4–5, 8b

  1. Paratype: AMNH 193863 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: 12 ft, South Buck Island, U.S. Virgin Islands, Atlantic Ocean.

  3. Collector: G. Nowell-Usticke.

  4. Remarks: ex Usticke Collection. The holotype is ANSP 221848, and additional paratypes are ANSP 221844, CASIZ 107215, DMNH 025081, 202304, FMNH 189259, and HBOM 065:00781 (Mikkelsen, 1998: 56–57).

APPENDIX 2

Bivalvia

Goodallia gofasi Giribet and Peñas, 1999: 260–261, figs. 29–32

  1. Paratype: AMNH 294375 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: 132 m, Tor Vaianica, Rome, Italy, Mediterranean Sea.

  3. Collector: M. Strufaldi.

  4. Remarks: The holotype is in MNCN, and additional paratypes are in MNCN and MNHN (Giribet and Peñas, 1999: 260).

Goodallia micalii Giribet and Peñas, 1999: 258–260, figs. 25–28

  1. Paratypes: AMNH 294374 (3 specimens).

  2. Locality: 132 m, 29°23′N, 10°50′W, Agadir region, Morocco, Atlantic Ocean.

  3. Collector: R/V “Cineca Charcot III,” 1972.

  4. Remarks: The holotype is in MNCN, and additional paratypes are in MNCN and MNHN (Giribet and Peñas, 1999: 259).

APPENDIX 3

Non-type Gastropoda

Cerithium floridanum “form” cruzana Usticke, 1959: 38, 40, pl. 2, fig. 16

  1. “Holotype”: AMNH 198496.

  2. “Paratype”: AMNH 294370 (1 specimen).

  3. Locality: St. Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands, Atlantic Ocean.

  4. Collector: Unknown.

  5. Remarks: ex Usticke Collection #355 (AMNH 198496) and Schwartz Collection (AMNH 294370). Although cited by Faber (1988: 76) as an available name, this taxon was expressly considered a “form” and a “variety” by Usticke (1959: 38, 40) and was included as a “form” on the list of “new species and subspecies” where he designated holotypes (Usticke, 1959: vi), but it was cited as “Cerithium floridanum cruzana” in the plate caption. Because of Usticke's (1959) expressed designation of this taxon (intentional or not) as a form on his list of new species and subspecies, we consider this name to be one expressly proposed for an infrasubspecific taxon before 1961 and not treated as an available name prior to 1985. AMNH 198496 and 294370 consequently have no standing as type specimens. This is C. atratum (Born, 1778) (Faber, 1988: 76).

Cerithium variabile var. calcarea Usticke, 1959: 41

  1. “Syntypes”: AMNH 192174 (5 specimens).

  2. Locality: Shoy Point, St. Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands, Atlantic Ocean.

  3. Collector: G. W. N. Usticke, 1956.

  4. Remarks: ex Usticke Collection. Although cited by Faber (1988: 74) as an available name, this taxon was expressly considered a “var.” and a “distinct minor variety” by Usticke (1959: 41), and it was not included on the list of “new species and subspecies” where he designated holotypes (Usticke, 1959: vi) nor was it figured. Because of Usticke's (1959) omission of this taxon (intentional or not) from his list of new species and subspecies, we consider this name to be one expressly proposed for an infrasubspecific taxon before 1961 and not treated as an available name prior to 1985. AMNH 192174 consequently has no standing as type specimens. This is C. lutosum Menke, 1828 (Faber, 1988: 74).

Conus nulli-secundus Usticke, 1968: 20–21, pl. 2, figs. 1010[a], 1010[b]. 1010[c]

  1. “Lectotype”: AMNH 195449.

  2. Locality: Kingstown Harbor, St. Vincent, Atlantic Ocean.

  3. Collector: Unknown.

  4. Remarks: ex Usticke Collection #1010. Usticke (1971: 19) stated that one specimen (now AMNH 195449) was the holotype. Because Usticke (1968: 20–21) did not designate a holotype, Usticke's (1971) action would have constituted a lectotype designation, had this name been introduced for a new species, and not as an unnecessary replacement name for C. cedonulli Linnaeus, 1758. Because the type(s) of a replacement name are the same as the type(s) of the original name, AMNH 195449 is not a type specimen. Usticke (1969: 24) erroneously listed this taxon as new from the 1969 paper and later (1971: 19) listed it as a new name. The taxon is correctly cited without the hyphen as C. nullisecundus and is a synonym of C. cedonulli (Faber, 1988: 87).

Cypraea (Trona) zebra var. vallei Jaume and Borro, 1946: 21–22

  1. “Syntypes”: AMNH 107588 (1 specimen), AMNH 196008 (2 specimens).

  2. Locality: 120 ft, off Bacuranao (AMNH 107588), 82 fathoms, off Chorrera (AMNH 196008), Cuba, Atlantic Ocean.

  3. Collector: M. Jaume and C. Finlay (AMNH 107588).

  4. Remarks: ex Jaume (AMNH 107588), ex C. Cate (AMNH 196008). Although AMNH 107588 was cited as a paratype by Richards and Old (1969: 36), this taxon was described expressly as a variety before 1961 and, as such, cannot not have a type series. Jaume and Borro (1946) did not designate a holotype for this taxon, as they did for the other new species described in that publication, further suggesting their intent as to varietal status. We cannot find evidence of this taxon being considered as subspecific by any author and, therefore, consider it infrasubspecific. The additional “syntypes” are in the collection of M. Jaume (#20813), in MPUH, and in various private collections (Jaume and Borro, 1946: 22). This taxon is a synonym of Macrocypraea zebra (Linnaeus, 1758) (Lorenz and Hubert, 1993: 53).

Epitonium (Nitidoscala [sic]) tinctum bormanni Strong, 1941: 46–47

  1. “Paratypes”: AMNH 221878 (13 specimens), AMNH 275636 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: Mission Beach, San Diego, San Diego Co., California, United States, Pacific Ocean.

  3. Collector: R. Bormann, 1940.

  4. Remarks: ex R. Bormann via DuShane Collection, ex SBMNH. The “holotype” is LACM 1064 (Strong, 1941: 47). Strong repeatedly interchanged the words “form” and “var.” in his description of this taxon, indicating that E. tinctum bormanni was explicitly described at the infrasubspecific level and, therefore, can have no type series. This taxon is a form of E. (Hyaloscala) tinctum (Carpenter, 1865) (Weil et al., 1999: 198).

Nerita versicolor form nigrocincta Usticke, 1959: 32, pl. 2, fig. 14

  1. “Holotype”: AMNH 195409.

  2. Locality: Christiansted Harbor, St. Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands, Atlantic Ocean.

  3. Collector: Unknown.

  4. Remarks: ex Usticke Collection #194. Although cited by Faber (1988: 86) as an available name, this taxon was expressly considered a “form” and a “variety” by Usticke (1959: 32) and was not included on the list of “new species and subspecies” where he designated holotypes (Usticke, 1959: vi), but it was cited as “Nerita versicolor nigrocincta” in the plate caption. Because of Usticke's (1959) omission of this taxon (intentional or not) from his list of new species and subspecies, we consider this name to be one expressly proposed for an infrasubspecific taxon before 1961 and not treated as an available name prior to 1985. AMNH 195409 consequently has no standing as a type specimen. This is N. versicolor Gmelin, 1791 (Faber, 1988: 86).

Oliva duclosiana Jay, 1850: 367

  1. “Syntypes”: AMNH 89390 (2 specimens).

  2. Locality: None given.

  3. Collector: Unknown.

  4. Remarks: ex Jay Collection #9390 (Jay, 1850). One specimen was figured by Greifeneder and Tursch (1996: pl. 2, fig. 16). Jay (1850: 367) provided no description for this species but referred only to “Duclos Mon., pl. 8, f. 9, 10.” Jay (1850) introduced this name as a replacement for O. jaspidea Duclos, 1835, non Gmelin, 1791. The type series of O. duclosiana Jay is therefore the same as O. jaspidea Duclos, and the AMNH specimens are not types, contrary to the statement of Richards and Old (1969: 67). Syntypes of O. jaspidea Duclos, and therefore of O. duclosiana, are in MNHN (Greifeneder and Tursch, 1996: 166). The homonymy of O. jaspidea has been resolved, and O. duclosiana is a synonym of O. jaspidea Duclos, 1835 (Greifeneder and Tursch, 1996: 166).

Oliva incrassata forma burchorum Zeigler, 1969: 15, fig. 1

  1. “Holotype”: AMNH 147749.

  2. Locality: San Felipe, Baja California Norte, Mexico, Pacific Ocean.

  3. Collector: Unknown.

  4. Remarks: The “paratypes” are in the collections of H. Porreca and R. Zeigler (Zeigler, 1969: 15). The name “burchorum” was proposed expressly at the infrasubspecific level (Zeigler, 1969: 14) and, thus, no type specimens are recognized. This is a form of O. incrassata Lightfoot, 1786 (Abbott, 1974: 232).

Oliva tremulina forma oldi Zeigler, 1969: 16–17, fig. 2

  1. “Holotype”: AMNH 147750.

  2. Locality: Buin, Bougainville, Solomon Islands, Pacific Ocean.

  3. Collector: A. Voyce, 1958.

  4. Remarks: The “paratypes” are in the collections of J. Burch, W. Krause, and R. Zeigler (Zeigler, 1969: 17). The name “oldi” was proposed expressly at the infrasubspecific level (Zeigler, 1969: 14) and, thus, no type specimens are recognized.

Olivella stegeri Olsson, 1956: 176: pl. 14, fig. 10

  1. Non-types: AMNH 92329 (1 specimen), AMNH 107619 (1 specimen), AMNH 194660 (1 specimen).

  2. Locality: 78–90 fathoms, southwest of Egmont Key, Hillsborough Co., Florida, United States, Atlantic Ocean.

  3. Collector: D. Steger.

  4. Remarks: The holotype is ANSP 194587 (Olsson, 1956). The specimens listed above were cited by Richards and Old (1969) as possible paratypes. They are not part of the type series, because the type locality is “one hundred miles east of Alacran, Mexico in 28 fathoms” (Olsson, 1956: 176).

Potadoma superba mut. inculta Pilsbry and Bequaert, 1927: 287, pl. 25, figs. 5, 5a

  1. “Holotype”: AMNH 72075.

  2. “Paratypes”: AMNH 72076 (3 specimens).

  3. Locality: 00°55′N, 25°05′E to 00°50′N, 28°00′E, Tshopo River, Stanleyville (= Kisangani), Belgian Congo (= Zaire = Democratic Republic of the Congo), Africa.

  4. Collector: H. Lang and J. Bequaert, 1909–1915.

  5. Remarks: Pilsbry and Bequaert (1927: 287) did not specify the number of specimens they examined. The repository of the additional specimen missing from AMNH 72076 is unknown. Additional “paratypes” are MCZ 41038 (10 specimens). Because Pilsbry and Bequaert (1927) expressly considered this taxon a “new mutation,” it is infrasubspecific and has no type series. This taxon is probably a synonym of P. superba Pilsbry and Bequaert, 1927, which is a synonym of P. ponthiervillensis (Dupuis and Putzeys, 1900) (Brown, 1980: 103).

Turbo petholatus var. humerosus Smith, 1907: 5–6, fig. 2

  1. “Syntypes”: AMNH 128749a (8 specimens).

  2. Locality: Philippines, Pacific Ocean.

  3. Collector: Unknown.

  4. Remarks: ex Stuart Collection. This name was proposed expressly as a variety and has not been used in a specific or subspecific sense subsequently. Although these specimens have no standing as types, they are cited here to call attention to this long-forgotten name. The three additional shouldered specimens of this variety cited by Smith (1907: 5) from the Haines, Jay, and Crooke Collections cannot be located in AMNH. None of the specimens in AMNH match the shell figured by Smith (1907: fig. 2). This is a synonym of T. petholatus Linnaeus, 1758 (new synonymy).

Voluta (Aulica) hargreavesi Angas, 1872: 613, pl. 42, fig. 13

  1. “Holotype”: AMNH 8304.

  2. Locality: Unknown.

  3. Collector: Unknown.

  4. Remarks: ex Steward Collection #1971. Richards and Old (1969: 117) summarized the limited information about this shell. They noted that it did not match exactly the size given by Angas (1872) for his unique specimen. AMNH 8304 is the same size as the figure of the shell in Angas (1872: pl. 42, fig. 13) and matches the description. However, the AMNH shell is much more worn than suggested by Angas's (1872) figure, and the color pattern is quite different. Based on the available evidence, we are inclined to consider AMNH 8304 an old specimen of this taxon, but we think its holotype status is unlikely. This taxon is placed in the genus Volutoconus Crosse, 1871 (Poppe and Goto, 1992: 214).

APPENDIX 4

Current Familial Placement of Genera

The following is a listing of original genera of all taxa included in this catalog, given in alphabetical order under their current families. Not all originally described congeneric species are now placed within the same family (shown below as “in part”). Families are listed phylogenetically and follow Vaught (1989) with a few modifications (e.g., recognition of Personidae, placement of Cornirostridae).

Pleurotomariidae

Perotrochus

Scissurellidae

Sinezona

Haliotidae

Haliotis

Neomphalidae

Neomphalus

Lepetodrilidae

Lepetodrilus

Peltospiridae

Rhynchopelta

Fissurellidae

Fissurella

Lucapinella

Patellidae

Patella

Cocculinidae

Cocculina

Trochidae

Calliostoma

Calliotropis

Fautor

Lirularia

Margarites

Mirachelus

Monilea

Tegula

Turbo (in part)

Turcicula

Umbonium

Stomatellidae

Pseudostomatella

Synaptocochlea

Skeneidae

Parviturbo

Turbiniidae

Arene

Astraea

Bothropoma

Macrarene

Turbo (in part)

Angariidae

Angaria

Tricoliidae

Phasianella

Tricolia

Neritidae

Nerita

Neritina

Puperita

Hydrocenidae

Hydrocena

Helicinidae

Alcadia

Helicina

Lucidella

Palaeohelicina

Stoastoma

Cyclophoridae

Cyathopoma

Cyclostoma (in part)

Mareleptopoma

Poteriidae

Amphicyclotulus

Crocidopoma

Megalomastomidae

Farcimen

Viviparidae

Neothauma

Paludina

Ampullariidae

Ampullaria

Lanistes

Pila

Littorinidae

Echinus [sic]

Littorina

Eatoniellidae

Eatoniella

Annulariidae

Chondropoma

Chondropometes

Chondrothyrium

Ctenopoma

Cyclostoma (in part)

Eutudora

Opisthosiphon

Rhytidothyra

Hydrobiidae

Amnicola

Belgrandia

Belgrandiella

Pyrgulopsis

Soapitia

Somatogyrus

Subcochliopa

Pomatiopsidae

Cyclostoma (in part)

Truncatellidae

Blandiella

Cylindrella

Geomelania

Taheitea [sic]

Taheitia

Truncatella

Rissoidae

Alvania

Crisilla

Manzonia

Obtusella

Peringiella

Rissoina

Schwartziella

Barleeidae

Amphithalamus

Barleeia

Tropidorissoia

Assimineidae

Cleopatra (in part)

Nesopoma

Omphalotropis

Pseudocyclotus

Setaepoma

Cingulopsidae

Eatonina

Caecidae

Caecum

Fartulum

Vitrinellidae

Anticlimax

Teinostoma

Tomura

Vitrinella

Vitrinorbis

Tornidae

Cochliolepis

Macromphalina

Thiaridae

Melania (in part)

Melanoides

Cerithiidae

Bittiolum

Bittium

Cerithium

Thericium

Potamididae

Cerithidea

Potamides

Pleuroceridae

Cleopatra (in part)

Io

Limnotrochus

Lithasiopsis

Lithoglyphus

Melania (in part)

Pachychilus

Potadoma

Rissoa (in part)

Tiphobia

Fossaridae

Fossarus

Turritellidae

Turritella

Strombidae

Strombus

Hipponicidae

Cheilea

Vanikoridae

Vanikoro

Crepidulidae

Crepidula

Xenophoridae

Xenophora

Cypraeidae

Bistolida

Blasicrura

Cribraria

Cypraea

Erronea

Lyncina

Mauritia

Notadusta

Notocypraea

Palmadusta

Purpuradusta

Pustularia

Zoila

Ovulidae

Crenavolva

Cymbovula

Cyphoma

Dentiovula

Kuroshiovolva

Phenacovolva

Primovula

Pseudosimnia

Volva

Triviidae

Circumscapula

Hespererato

Protoerato

Pusula

Trivia

Trivirostra

Lamellariidae

Lamellaria

Naticidae

Choristes

Natica

Naticarius

Neverita

Polinices

Sinum

Tonnidae

Dolium

Cassidae

Phalium

Ranellidae

Bursa (in part)

Cymatium

Gyrineum

Rissoa (in part)

Triton (in part)

Personidae

Distorsio

Triton (in part)

Tritonium

Bursidae

Bufonaria

Bursa (in part)

Tutufa

Cerithiopsidae

Cerithiopsis

Horologica

Seila

Triphoridae

Aclophora

Cheirodonta

Iniforis

Isotriphora

Marshallora

Metaxia

Monophorus

Triphora

Epitoniidae

Amaea

Asperiscala

Epitonium

Laeviscala

Opalia

Scalina

Eulimidae

Annulobalcis

Eulima

Melanella

Niso

Pyramidelloides

Aclididae

Graphis

Muricidae

Aspella

Bizetiella

Buccinum (in part)

Calotrophon

Chicoreus

Distichotyphis

Drupa

Drupella

Favartia

Haustellotyphis

Haustellum

Hexaplex

Murex

Murexiella

Murexsul

Muricanthus

Muricodrupa

Muricopsis

Naquetia

Ocinebrina

Phyllonotus

Poirieria

Pteropurpura

Pterotyphis

Pteronotus

Pygmaepterys

Thais

Trophon

Typhina

Vasum (in part)

Coralliophilidae

Babelomurex

Coralliophila

Latiaxis

Ringicula

Buccinidae

Bailya

Buccinum (in part)

Bullia

Cantharus

Caudicifer

Engina

Monostiolum

Neptunea

Paradoxa

Pisania

Columbellidae

Aesopus

Anachis

Columbella

Costoanachis

Cotonopsis

Mitrella

Nassarina

Pyrene

Ruthia

Strombina

Nassariidae

Cyllene

Nassarius

Melongenidae

Busycon

Melongena

Fasciolariidae

Falsilatirus

Fusinus

Latirus

Leucozonia

Metula

Volutidae

Alcithoe

Amoria

Benthovoluta

Falsilyria

Lyria

Odontocymbiola

Scaphella

Teramachia

Voluta

Volutocorbis

Harpidae

Harpa

Morum

Vasidae

Ceratoxancus

Fusus

Vasum (in part)

Olividae

Amalda

Ancilla

Oliva

Olivella

Marginellidae

Cysticus

Gibberula

Granula

Granulina

Marginella

Persicula

Prunum

Volvarina

Mitridae

Mitra (in part)

Pterygia

Strigatella

Subcancilla

Costellariidae

Mitra (in part)

Mitropifex

Pusia

Thala

Vexillum

Cancellariidae

Agatrix

Cancellaria

Mericella

Scalptia

Trigonostoma

Conidae

Conus

Dendroconus

Hermes

Leptoconus

Turridae

Agathotoma

Agladrillia

Arielia

Bathytoma

Bellaspira

Borsonia

Brachycythara [sic]

Buridrillia

Calliclava

Carinodrillia

Cerodrillia

Clathrodrillia

Cochlespira

Comitas

Compsodrillia

Crassispira

Cryoturris

Cymatosyrinx

Daphnella

Douglassia

Doxospira

Drillia

Fenimorea

Fusiturricula

Glyphostoma

Hindsiclava

Inodrillia

Ithycythara

Kurtziella

Kylix

Lioglyphostoma

Maesiella

Mitrolumna

Monilispira

Pilsbryspira

Polystira

Psarostola

Pyrgocithara

Raphitoma

Scaevatula

Strictispira

Thelecythara

Zonulispira

Terebridae

Duplicaria

Hastula

Strioterebrum

Terebra

Omalogyridae

Ammonicera

Omalogyra

Rissoellidae

Rissoella

Cornirostridae

Cornirostra

Architectonicidae

Heliacus

Pyramidellidae

Eulimella

Miralda

Odostomia

Pseudoscilla

Sayella

Turbonilla

Amathinidae

Cyclotheca [sic]

Opisthobranchia

Cylindrobullidae

Cylindrobulla

Bivalvia

Astartidae

Goodallia

ADDENDUM

Marginella poppei Boyer and Neefs, 1999: 86–87, pl. 3, figs. 1–8.

Paratype: AMNH 301628 (1 specimen).

Locality: 190–200 m, off the coast of western Sahara (20°48′N).

Collector: Unknown, Dec. 1990.

Remarks: The holotype is NNM 57244 and additional paratypes are IRSNB, MNHN, NMW, USNM, and in the collections of J. Neefs and G. Poppe (Boyer and Neefs, 1999: 86).

 Figs. 1–5. 1. Ampullaria angulata Jay, 1836 (syntype—AMNH 56108), × 1.5. 2. Ampullaria brownii Jay, 1839 (syntype—AMNH 56107), × 1.25. 3. Ampullaria ochracea Jay, 1836 (syntype—AMNH 56106), × 1. 4. Bailya milleri Usticke, 1959 (holotype—AMNH 193772), × 4. 5. Bullia perryi Jay, 1856 (holotype—AMNH 56084), × 1.6

i0003-0090-262-1-1-f01.gif

 Figs. 6–10. 6. Cerithium magnum Jay, 1836 (lectotype—AMNH 56067), × 0.75. 7. Conus lienardi Bernardi and Crosse, 1861 (syntype—AMNH 47629), × 1.75. 8. Conus pseudoaustini Usticke, 1968 (holotype—AMNH 195452), × 2. 9. Cyclostoma maculosa Jay, 1839 (syntype—AMNH 56086), × 1.6. 10. Cyclostoma multilineata Jay, 1839 (syntype—AMNH 56087), × 2.6

i0003-0090-262-1-1-f06.gif

 Figs. 11–14. 11. Dolium melanostomum Jay, 1839 (holotype—AMNH 56115), × 0.45. 12. Farcimen (Farcimen) gundlachi maritimum Alcalde, 1946 (paratype—AMNH 142397), × 2.2. 13. Helicina chionea Pilsbry, 1949 (paratypes—AMNH 150311), × 1.7. 14. Margarites umbilicalis spiralis Baker, 1919 (holotype—AMNH 2511), × 1.75

i0003-0090-262-1-1-f11.gif

 Figs. 15–17. 15. Melania laeta Jay, 1839 (syntype—AMNH 56113), × 1.5. 16. Odostomia (Menestho) beauforti Jacot, 1921 (holotype—AMNH 15728), × 8. 17. Turbo rotelliformis Jay, 1839 (syntypes—AMNH 56071 [right], 56071a [left]), × 1

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CHRISTOPHER B. BOYKO and JAMES R. CORDEIRO "CATALOG OF RECENT TYPE SPECIMENS IN THE DIVISION OF INVERTEBRATE ZOOLOGY, AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY. V. MOLLUSCA, PART 2 (CLASS GASTROPODA [EXCLUSIVE OF OPISTHOBRANCHIA AND PULMONATA], WITH SUPPLEMENTS TO GASTROPODA [OPISTHOBRANCHIA], AND BIVALVIA)," Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 2001(262), 1-170, (5 June 2001). https://doi.org/10.1206/0003-0090(2001)262<0001:CORTSI>2.0.CO;2
Published: 5 June 2001
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Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History
Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History
Vol. 2001 • No. 262
June 2001
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